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• Frontmatter
  • Halftitle Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Quotes on Ethics
  • About the Authors
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
    • BACKGROUND
    • OBJECTIVES
    • PHILOSOPHY AND GOAL
    • NEW IN THIS EDITION
    • LEARNING TOOLS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Online Resources for Students and Instructors
  • Connect Page
    • InstructorsStudent Success Starts with You
    • StudentsGet Learning That Fits You
• Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
  • Introduction
  • 1–1 Thermodynamics and Energy
    • Application Areas of Thermodynamics
  • 1–2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
    • Some SI and English Units
    • Dimensional Homogeneity
    • Unity Conversion Ratios
  • 1–3 Systems and Control Volumes
  • 1–4 Properties of a System
    • Continuum
  • 1–5 Density and Specific Gravity
  • 1–6 State and Equilibrium
    • The State Postulate
  • 1–7 Processes and Cycles
    • The Steady-Flow Process
  • 1–8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
    • Temperature Scales
  • 1–9 Pressure
    • Variation of Pressure with Depth
  • 1–10 Pressure Measurement Devices
    • The Barometer
    • The Manometer
    • Other Pressure Measurement Devices
  • 1-11 Problem-Solving Technique
    • Step 1: Problem Statement
    • Step 2: Schematic
    • Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
    • Step 4: Physical Laws
    • Step 5: Properties
    • Step 6: Calculations
    • Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
    • Engineering Software Packages
    • Equation Solvers
    • A Remark on Significant Digits
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 2: Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis
  • Introduction
  • 2–1 Introduction
  • 2–2 Forms of Energy
    • Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy
    • More on Nuclear Energy
    • Mechanical Energy
  • 2–3 Energy Transfer by Heat
    • Historical Background on Heat
  • 2–4 Energy Transfer by Work
    • Electrical Work
  • 2–5 Mechanical Forms of Work
    • Shaft Work
    • Spring Work
    • Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
    • Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film
    • Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
    • Nonmechanical Forms of Work
  • 2–6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • Energy Balance
    • Energy Change of a System, Δ E system
    • Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, E in and E out
  • 2–7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
    • Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices
  • 2–8 Energy and Environment
    • Ozone and Smog
    • Acid Rain
    • The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Reading
  • Problems
• Chapter 3: Properties of Pure Substances
  • Introduction
  • 3–1 Pure Substance
  • 3–2 Phases of a Pure Substance
  • 3–3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
    • Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid
    • Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor
    • Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
    • Some Consequences of T sat and P sat Dependence
  • 3–4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
    • 1The T-v Diagram
    • 2The P-v Diagram
    • Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
    • 3The P-T Diagram
    • The P-v-T Surface
  • 3–5 Property Tables
    • Enthalpy—A Combination Property
    • 1aSaturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
    • 1bSaturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
    • 2 Superheated Vapor
    • 3 Compressed Liquid
    • Reference State and Reference Values
  • 3–6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
    • Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
  • 3–7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure Of Deviation From Ideal-Gas Behavior
  • 3–8 Other Equations of State
    • van der Waals Equation of State
    • Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State
    • Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State
    • Virial Equation of State
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 4: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
  • Introduction
  • 4–1 Moving Boundary Work
    • Polytropic Process
  • 4–2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
    • Constant-Pressure Processes of Closed Systems
  • 4–3 Specific Heats
  • 4-4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
    • Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
  • 4–5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
    • Internal Energy Changes
    • Enthalpy Changes
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 5: Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
  • Introduction
  • 5–1 Conservation of Mass
    • Mass and Volume Flow Rates
    • Conservation of Mass Principle
    • Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
    • Special Case: Incompressible Flow
  • 5–2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
    • Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
    • Energy Transport by Mass
  • 5–3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
  • 5–4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
    • 1 Nozzles and Diffusers
    • 2 Turbines and Compressors
    • 3 Throttling Valves
    • 4a Mixing Chambers
    • 4b Heat Exchangers
    • 5 Pipe and Duct Flow
  • 5–5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • Introduction
  • 6–1 Introduction to The Second Law
  • 6–2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
  • 6–3 Heat Engines
    • Thermal Efficiency
    • Can We Save Qout?
    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin—Planck Statement
  • 6–4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
    • Coefficient of Performance
    • Heat Pumps
    • Performance of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement
    • Equivalence of the Two Statements
  • 6–5 Perpetual-Motion Machines
  • 6–6 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
    • Irreversibilities
    • Internally and Externally Reversible Processes
  • 6–7 The Carnot Cycle
    • The Reversed Carnot Cycle
  • 6–8 The Carnot Principles
  • 6–9 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
  • 6–10 The Carnot Heat Engine
    • The Quality of Energy
    • Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life
  • 6–11 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 7: Entropy
  • Introduction
  • 7–1 Clausius Inequality And Entropy
    • A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
  • 7–2 Entropy Generation and the Increase of Entropy Principle
    • Some Remarks About Entropy
  • 7–3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
  • 7–4 Isentropic Processes
  • 7–5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
  • 7–6 What is Entropy?
    • The Concept of Entropy in Daily Life
  • 7–7 Differential Entropy Change Relations
  • 7–8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
  • 7–9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
    • Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
    • Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
    • Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 8: Entropy Analysis
  • Introduction
  • 8–1 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
    • Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work When the Process Is Reversible
  • 8–2 Minimizing the Compressor Work
    • Multistage Compression with Intercooling
  • 8–3 Isentropic Efficiencies Of Steady-Flow Devices
    • Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
    • Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
    • Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles
  • 8–4 Entropy Balance
    • Entropy Change of a System, Δ S system
    • Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, S in and S out
    • Entropy Generation, S gen
  • 8–5 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
    • Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process
  • 8–6 Entropy Balance for Control Volumes
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 9: Exergy
  • Introduction
  • 9–1 Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
    • Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy
  • 9–2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility
  • 9–3 Second-Law Efficiency
  • 9–4 Exergy Change of a System
    • Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy
    • Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy
  • 9–5 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
    • Exergy Transfer by Heat, Q
    • Exergy Transfer by Work, W
    • Exergy Transfer by Mass, m
  • 9–6 The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction
    • Exergy Destruction
  • 9–7 Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
  • 9–8 Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
    • Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
    • Reversible Work
    • Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 10: Gas Power Cycles
  • Introduction
  • 10–1 Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
  • 10–2 The Carnot Cycle and its Value in Engineering
  • 10–3 Air-Standard Assumptions
  • 10–4 An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
  • 10–5 Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
  • 10–6 Diesel Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines
  • 10–7 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
  • 10–8 Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
    • Development of Gas Turbines
    • Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones
  • 10–9 The Brayton Cycle With Regeneration
  • 10–10 The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration
  • 10–11 Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
    • Modifications to Turbojet Engines
  • 10–12 Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 11: Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
  • Introduction
  • 11–1 The Carnot Vapor Cycle
  • 11–2 Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles
    • Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
  • 11–3 Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones
  • 11–4 How Can we Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?
    • Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers T low,avg )
    • Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases T high,avg )
    • Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases T high,avg )
  • 11–5 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
  • 11–6 The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
    • Open Feedwater Heaters
    • Closed Feedwater Heaters
  • 11–7 Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles
  • 11–8 Cogeneration
  • 11–9 Combined Gas–Vapor Power Cycles
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 12: Refrigeration Cycles
  • Introduction
  • 12–1 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
  • 12–2 The Reversed Carnot Cycle
  • 12–3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
  • 12–4 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
  • 12–5 Second-Law Analysis Of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
  • 12–6 Selecting The Right Refrigerant
  • 12–7 Heat Pump Systems
  • 12–8 Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems
    • Cascade Refrigeration Systems
    • Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems
    • Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor
    • Liquefaction of Gases
  • 12–9 Gas Refrigeration Cycles
  • 12–10 Absorption Refrigeration Systems
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Reading
  • Problems
• Chapter 13: Thermodynamic Property Relations
  • Introduction
  • 13–1 A Little Math—Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations
    • Partial Differentials
    • Partial Differential Relations
  • 13–2 The Maxwell Relations
  • 13–3 The Clapeyron Equation
  • 13–4 General Relations for du, dh, ds
    • Internal Energy Changes
    • Enthalpy Changes
    • Entropy Changes
    • Specific Heats cv and cp
  • 13–5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient
  • 13–6 The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases
    • Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases
    • Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases
    • Entropy Changes of Real Gases
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Reading
  • Problems
• Chapter 14: Gas Mixtures
  • Introduction
  • 14–1 Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions
  • 14–2 P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
    • Ideal-Gas Mixtures
    • Real-Gas Mixtures
  • 14–3 Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
    • Ideal-Gas Mixtures
    • Real-Gas Mixtures
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 15: Gas–Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning
  • Introduction
  • 15–1 Dry and Atmospheric Air
  • 15–2 Specific and Relative Humidity of Air
  • 15–3 Dew-Point Temperature
  • 15–4 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
  • 15–5 The Psychrometric Chart
  • 15–6 Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning
  • 15–7 Air-Conditioning Processes
    • Simple Heating and Cooling ω=constant
    • Heating with Humidification
    • Cooling with Dehumidification
    • Evaporative Cooling
    • Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams
    • Wet Cooling Towers
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 16: Chemical Reactions
  • Introduction
  • 16–1 Fuels and Combustion
  • 16–2 Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes
  • 16–3 Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion
  • 16–4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
    • Steady-Flow Systems
    • Closed Systems
  • 16–5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
  • 16–6 Entropy Change of Reacting Systems
  • 16–7 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 17: Chemical and Phase Equilibrium
  • Introduction
  • 17–1 Criterion For Chemical Equilibrium
  • 17–2 The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures
  • 17–3 Some Remarks About the Kp of Ideal-Gas Mixtures
  • 17–4 Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions
  • 17–5 Variation of KP with Temperature
  • 17–6 Phase Equilibrium
    • Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System
    • The Phase Rule
    • Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Readings
  • Problems
• Chapter 18: Compressible Flow
  • Introduction
  • 18–1 Stagnation Properties
  • 18–2 Speed of Sound and Mach Number
  • 18–3 One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
    • Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area
    • Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases
  • 18–4 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
    • Converging Nozzles
    • Converging–Diverging Nozzles
  • 18–5 Shock Waves And Expansion Waves
    • Normal Shocks
    • Oblique Shocks
    • Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves
  • 18–6 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)
    • Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow
    • Choked Rayleigh Flow
  • 18–7 Steam Nozzles
  • Summary
  • References and Suggested Reading
  • Problems
• Appendix 1: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)
  • Appendix 1 Property Tables and Charts (Si Units)
• Appendix 2: Property Tables And Charts (English Units)
  • Appendix 2 Property Tables And Charts (English Units)
• Index
  • Index
• Nomenclature
  • Nomenclature
• Conversion Factor
  • Conversion Factors
    • Conversion Factors
    • Some Physical Constants
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  • Figure P4–75E Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
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  • Figure P4–137E Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
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  • Figure 5–2 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure 5–48 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  • Figure 5–49 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure P5–6 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure P5–38E Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure P5–55 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure P5–116 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  • Figure P5–119 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  • Figure P5–121 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  • Figure P5–124E Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  • Figure P5–125 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure P5–146E Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
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  • Figure 6–8 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
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  • Figure 6–50 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
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  • Figure 6–56 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
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  • Figure P6–17 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  • Figure P6–19E Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
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  • Figure P6–81E Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
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  • Figure 7–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
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  • Figure P7–27E Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
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  • Figure 8–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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  • Figure 8–35 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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  • Figure P8–4 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  • Figure P8–5E Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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  • Figure P8–76 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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  • Figure 9–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
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  • Figure P9–16E Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  • Figure P9–17 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  • Figure P9–22E Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  • Figure P9–30 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
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  • Figure P9–124E Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
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  • Figure 10-1 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
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  • Figure 11-1 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Figure 11-16 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Figure 11-20 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-21 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-22 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-23 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-24 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-25 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Figure 11-26 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Figure P11-17 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Figure P11-54 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Figure 12–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
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  • Figure 12–19 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure 12–20 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure 12–21 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure 12–22 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure 12–23 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
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  • Figure 12–26 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
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  • Figure 12–28 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
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  • Figure 12–32 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–16 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
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  • Figure P12–114 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–119E Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–121 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–125 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–126 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–149 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure P12–150 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Figure 13–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
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  • Figure 13–15 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure 13–16 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure 13–17 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure 13–18 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–34E Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–76 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–79E Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–97E Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–98E Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–103 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure P13–109 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure 14–1 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
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  • Figure 14–13 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  • Figure 14–14 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  • Figure 14–15 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  • Figure 14–16 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  • Figure 14–17 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
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  • Unnumbered Figure Compressible flow functions
  • Unnumbered Figure Normal shock functions
  • Unnumbered Figure Rayleigh flow function
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  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin—Planck Statement
  • Heat Pumps
  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement

  UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

  Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!
  
  Rafbók til eignar
  Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
  
  Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
  Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
  
  Auðvelt að fletta og leita
  Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
  
  Glósur og yfirstrikanir
  Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
  
  Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
  Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
  
  
  
  Fleiri góðir kostir
  - Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
  - Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
  - Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
  - Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu