Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• About the author
• Preface to the fourth edition
• 1 Introducing cognitive neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience in Historical Perspective
    • Philosophical approaches to mind and brain
    • Scientific approaches to mind and brain
    • The birth of cognitive neuroscience
  • Does Cognitive Psychology Need the Brain?
  • Does Neuroscience Need Cognitive Psychology?
  • From Modules to Networks
• 2 Introducing the brain
  • Structure and Function of the Neuron
    • Electrical signaling and the action potential
    • Chemical signaling and the postsynaptic neuron
    • How do neurons code information?
  • The Gross Organization of the Brain
    • Gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid
    • A hierarchical view of the central nervous system
    • Terms of reference and section
  • The Cerebral Cortex
  • The Subcortex
    • The basal ganglia
    • The limbic system
    • The diencephalon
  • The Midbrain And Hindbrain
• 3 The electrophysiological brain
  • In search of neural representations: single-cell recordings
    • How are single-cell recordings obtained?
    • Distributed versus sparse coding
    • Evaluation
  • Electroencephalography and Eevent-Related Potentials
    • How does EEG work?
    • Event-related potentials (ERPs)
    • Rhythmic oscillations in the EEG signal
  • Mental Chronometry in Electrophysiology and Cognitive Psychology
    • Investigating face processing with ERPs and reaction times
    • Endogenous and exogenous ERP components
    • The spatial resolution of ERPs
    • Evaluation
  • Magnetoencephalography
• 4 The imaged brain
  • Structural Imaging
    • Computerized tomography
    • Magnetic resonance imaging
    • MRI physics for non-physicists
  • Functional Imaging
    • Basic physiology underpinning functional imaging
    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Functional near infrared spectroscopy
  • From Image to Cognitive Theory: Experimental Design
    • An example of cognitive subtraction methodology
    • Problems with cognitive subtraction
    • Cognitive conjunctions and factorial designs
    • Parametric designs
    • Functional integration: measuring networks in the brain
  • Analyzing Data From Functional Imaging
    • Correction for head movement
    • Stereotactic normalization
    • Smoothing
    • Statistical comparison
  • Interpreting Data From Functional Imaging
    • Inhibition versus excitation
    • Activation versus deactivation
    • Necessity versus sufficiency
  • Why do Functional Imaging Data Sometimes Disagree With Lesion Data?
    • Having your cake and eating it
  • Brain-Reading: is “Big Brother” Round the Corner?
  • Evaluation
• 5 The lesioned brain and stimulated brain
  • Dissociations and associations in neuropsychology
  • Single-Case Studies in Cognitive Neuropsychology
    • Caramazza’s assumptions for theorizing in cognitive neuropsychology
    • The case for single-case studies
    • Evaluation
  • Group Studies and Lesion-Deficit Analysis in Neuropsychology
    • Ways of grouping patients
    • Caveats and complications
    • Evaluation
  • Animal Models in Neuropsychology
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
    • How does TMS work?
    • The “virtual lesion”
    • Using TMS to study functional integration
    • Practical aspects of using TMS
      • Timing issues—repetitive or single pulse?
      • How to hit the spot?
      • What is the appropriate control condition?
    • Evaluation
  • Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)
    • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
    • Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation (tACS, tRNS)
    • Evaluation
• 6 The developing brain
  • Structural Development of the Brain
    • Prenatal development
    • Postnatal development
    • Evaluation
  • Functional Development of the Brain
    • Functional brain plasticity in rewired brains
    • Critical and sensitive periods in development
    • Innate knowledge?
    • Evaluation
  • Nature and Nurture of Individual Differences
    • Twin studies and adoption studies
    • Heritability estimates of brain and behavior
    • Linking genetic differences to brain and behavior
    • Mechanisms for gene–environment interplay
    • Epigenetics
    • Gene–environment correlations (rGE)
    • Gene–environment interactions (G x E)
    • Evaluation
• 7 The seeing brain
  • From Eye To Brain
    • The retina
    • The primary visual cortex and geniculostriate pathway
    • Cortical and non-cortical routes to seeing
    • Evaluation
  • Cortical Blindness and “Blindsight”
  • Functional Specialization of the Visual Cortex Beyond V1
    • V4: the main color center of the brain
    • V5/MT: the main movement center of the brain
    • Evaluation
  • Recognizing Objects
    • Parts and wholes: gestalt grouping principles
    • Case HJA: seeing the parts but not the whole
    • Accessing structural descriptions: object constancy
    • Category specificity in visual object recognition?
  • Recognizing Faces
    • Models of face processing
    • Evidence that faces are special
    • Why are faces special?
      • Task difficulty
      • Holistic versus part-based perceptual processing
      • Visual expertise at within-category discrimination
      • Faces are a distinct category
    • Evaluation
  • Vision Imagined
• 8 The hearing brain
  • The nature of sound
  • From ear to brain
  • Basic Processing Of Auditory Information
    • Feature processing in the auditory cortex
    • “What” versus “where”
    • Auditory memory and auditory stream segregation
    • Evaluation
  • Music Perception
    • Memory for tunes
    • Rhythm
    • Pitch
    • Melody and musical syntax
    • Timbre
    • Music and emotion
  • Voice Perception
  • Speech Perception
    • The nature of the speech signal
    • The motor theory of speech perception
    • Auditory ventral and dorsal routes for “what” and “how”
• 9 The attending brain
  • Spatial and Non-Spatial Attentional Process
  • The Role of the Frontoparietal Network in Attention
    • The “where” pathway, salience maps and orienting of attention
    • Hemispheric differences in parietal lobe contributions to attention
    • The relationship between attention, perception and awareness
    • Evaluation
  • Theories of Attention
    • Feature integration theory
    • Biased competition theory
    • The premotor theory of attention
    • Evaluation
  • Neglect as a Disorder of Spatial Attention and Awareness
    • Characteristics of neglect
    • Neglect and the relationship between attention, perception and awareness
    • Different types of neglect and different types of space
      • Perceptual versus representational neglect
      • Near versus far space
      • Personal and peripersonal space
      • Within objects versus between objects (or object-based versus space-based)
    • Evaluation
• 10 The acting brain
  • A Basic Cognitive Framework for Movement and Action
  • The Role of the Frontal Lobes in Movement and Action
    • Primary motor cortex
    • Frontal eye fields
    • Lateral and medial premotor cortex
    • Prefrontal contributions to action
    • Evaluation
  • Ownership and Awareness of Actions
    • Evaluation
  • Action Comprehension and Imitation
    • Mirror neurons
  • Acting on Objects
    • “What” versus “how”: the dorsal and ventral streams reconsidered
    • Neural mechanisms of sensorimotor transformation
    • Evaluation
  • Fronto-Striatal and Cerebellar Networks in Action
    • Role of subcortical structures in movement and action
    • Hypokinetic disorders of the basal ganglia: Parkinson's disease
    • Hyperkinetic disorders of the basal ganglia: Huntington's disease and Tourette's syndrome
    • Evaluation
• 11 The remembering brain
  • Short-Term and Working Memory
    • Models of STM and working memory
    • Phonological short-term memory
    • Visuo-spatial short-term memory
    • Evaluation
  • Different Types of Long-Term Memory
  • Amnesia
    • Preserved and impaired memory in amnesia
      • Episodic memory
      • Short-term memory
      • Procedural and perceptual (implicit) memory
      • Semantic memory
    • Accounting for the memory deficits in amnesia
    • Evaluation
  • Functions of the Hippocampus and Medial Temporal Lobes in Memory
    • Consolidation
    • Multiple-trace theory/trace transformation theory
    • Cognitive map theory
    • Evaluation
  • Theories of remembering, knowing and forgetting
    • Recall versus recognition and familiarity versus recollection
    • Why do we forget things?
    • Memory distortions and false memories
  • The role of the prefrontal cortex in long-term memory
    • Memory encoding
    • Monitoring and memory retrieval
    • Experiential states
    • Source monitoring
    • Memory for temporal context
    • Evaluation
• 12 The speaking brain
  • Spoken Word Recognition
    • What are the access units for auditory word forms?
    • The cohort model
    • Word recognition in context: the N400
    • Evaluation
  • Semantic Memory and the Meaning of Words
    • Is semantic memory organized hierarchically?
    • Is semantic memory amodal or grounded?
    • Category specificity in semantic knowledge: innate or emergent property?
    • Evaluation
  • Understanding and Producing Sentences
    • The role of Broca's area in sentence processing
    • Is syntax independent from semantics?
    • Is syntax independent from working memory?
    • Evaluation
  • Retrieving and Producing Spoken Words
    • Studies of speech errors
    • Different stages in spoken word retrieval
    • Articulation: closing the communication loop
• 13 The literate brain
  • Visual word recognition
    • Cognitive mechanisms of visual word recognition
    • The visual word form area (VWFA)
    • Pure alexia or “letter-by-letter” reading
    • Evaluation
  • Reading Aloud: Routes From Spelling to Sound
    • Profiles of acquired central dyslexias
    • Developmental dyslexia
    • What has functional imaging revealed about the existence of multiple routes?
      • Inferior frontal lobe (Broca's area, BA44 and BA45)
      • Inferior parietal lobe
      • Anterior and mid-temporal lobe
    • Is the same reading system universal across languages?
    • Evaluation
  • Spelling and Writing
    • A model of spelling and writing
    • The graphemic buffer
    • Output processes in writing and oral spelling
  • Does Spelling Use the Same Mechanisms as Reading?
    • Evaluation
• 14 The numerate brain
  • Universal Numeracy?
    • Infants
      • The unschooled
      • Cavemen
      • Other species
  • The Meaning of Numbers
    • Processing nonsymbolic numbers: collections and quantities
    • Processing number symbols: digits and words
    • Neural substrates of number meaning
    • Is number meaning discrete or continuous?
    • What is the relationship between numbers and space?
    • Evaluation
  • Models of Number Processing
    • Base-10 units or mental number line
    • Calculation: multiplication, addition, subtraction and division
    • Transcoding: reading, writing and saying numbers
    • Evaluation
• 15 The executive brain
  • Anatomical and Functional Divisions Of The Prefrontal Cortex
  • Executive Functions in Practice
    • Working memory
    • Task-setting and problem-solving
    • Overcoming potent or habitual responses
    • Task-switching
    • Multi-tasking
    • Evaluation
  • The Organization of Executive Functions
    • “Hot” versus “cold” control processes
    • The multiple-demand network
    • A posterior-to-anterior organization?
    • Hemispheric differences
    • Evaluation
  • The Role of the Anterior Cingulate in Executive Functions
• 16 The social and emotional brain
  • Theories of Emotion
    • Darwin and Freud
    • James–Lange and Cannon–Bard
    • Papez circuit and the limbic brain
    • Contemporary views of emotion: categories, dimensions and appraisals
    • Evaluation
  • Neural Substrates of Emotion Processing
    • The amygdala: fear and other emotions
    • The insula: disgust and interoception
    • Orbitofrontal cortex: contextualized emotions and emotional feelings
    • Anterior cingulate: response evaluation, autonomic responses and pain
    • Ventral striatum and reward
    • Evaluation
  • Reading Faces
    • Recognizing facial expressions
    • Detecting and utilizing eye gaze information
    • Evaluation
  • Understanding Other Minds
    • Empathy, mirroring and simulation theory
    • Mind-reading in autism
    • Neural basis of theory of mind
      • Temporal poles
      • Medial prefrontal cortex
      • Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
    • Evaluation
• References
• Author index
• Subject index

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