Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface: The Aims of This Edition
• Introduction: Your Research and Your Audience
  • I.1  What Is Research?
  • I.2  Connecting with Your Audience
  • I.3  Understanding Your Role
  • I.4  Imagining the Role of Your Audience
  • I.5  How to Use This Book
    • ▶ Quick tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Audience
• I  Asking Questions, Seeking Answers
  • Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
    • ▶ Quick Tip: Sustaining a Research Project Alone and in Groups
  • 1  From Topics to Questions
    • 1.1  From an Interest to a Topic
    • 1.2  From Focused Topic to Research Question
    • 1.3  The Most Significant Question: So What?
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Finding Topics
  • 2  From Questions to a Problem
    • 2.1  Understanding Research Problems
    • 2.2  Distinguishing Between “Pure” and “Applied” Research
    • 2.3  Connecting Research to Practical Consequences
    • 2.4  Finding a Good Research Problem
    • 2.5  Learning to Work with Problems
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Making an Opportunity of Inexperience
• II  Sources and Resources
  • Prologue: Sources and Authentic Research
• 3  Finding and Evaluating Sources
  • 3.1  Understanding Three Types of Sources
  • 3.2  Making the Most of the Library
  • 3.3  Locating Sources Online
  • 3.4  Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
  • 3.5  Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
  • 3.6  Using People to Further Your Research
    • ▶ Quick Tip: Using Generative Artificial Intelligence
  • 4  Engaging Sources
    • 4.1  Recording Complete Bibliographic Information
    • 4.2  Engaging Sources Actively
    • 4.3  Reading for a Problem
    • 4.4  Reading for Arguments
    • 4.5  Reading for Data and Support
    • 4.6  Taking Notes Systematically
    • 4.7  Annotating Your Sources
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Managing Moments of Uncertainty
• III  Making Your Argument
  • Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
• 5  Making Good Arguments: An Overview
  • 5.1  Argument as Conversation
  • 5.2  Assembling the Core of Your Argument
  • 5.3  Explaining Your Reasoning with Warrants
  • 5.4  Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
  • 5.5  Planning Your Research Argument
  • 5.6  Creating Your Ethos
    • ▶ Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
  • 6  Making Claims
    • 6.1  Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
    • 6.2  Evaluating Your Claim
    • 6.3  Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Make Your Claim Contestable
  • 7  Assembling Reasons and Evidence
    • 7.1  Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
    • 7.2  Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
    • 7.3  Determining the Kind of Evidence You Need
    • 7.4  Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
    • 7.5  Evaluating Your Evidence
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Assess Your Evidence as You Gather It
  • 8  Warrants
    • 8.1  Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
    • 8.2  Warrants in Research Arguments
    • 8.3  Testing Warrants
    • 8.4  Knowing When to State a Warrant
    • 8.5  Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
    • 8.6  Challenging Others’ Warrants
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
  • 9  Acknowledgments and Responses
    • 9.1  Questions About Your Research Problem
    • 9.2  Questions About the Soundness of Your Argument
    • 9.3  Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
    • 9.4  Deciding What to Acknowledge
    • 9.5  Framing Your Responses as Sub-Arguments
    • 9.6  The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
• IV  Delivering Your Argument
  • Prologue: Planning, Writing, and Thinking
• 10  Planning and Drafting
  • 10.1  Why a Formal Paper?
  • 10.2  Planning Your Paper
  • 10.3  Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Patterns
  • 10.4  Turning Your Plan into a Draft
    • ▶ Quick Tip: Managing Anxiety as a Writer
  • 11  Revising and Organizing
    • 11.1  Thinking Like a Reader
    • 11.2  Revising Your Frame
    • 11.3  Revising Your Argument
    • 11.4  Revising Your Organization
    • 11.5  Checking Your Paragraphs
    • 11.6  Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Revisiting It
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Abstracts
  • 12  Incorporating Sources
    • 12.1  Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
    • 12.2  Creating a Fair Summary
    • 12.3  Creating a Fair Paraphrase
    • 12.4  Using Direct Quotations
    • 12.5  Mixing Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
    • 12.6  Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
    • 12.7  The Social Importance of Citing Sources
    • 12.8  Four Common Citation Styles
    • 12.9  Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
  • 13  Communicating Evidence Visually
    • 13.1  Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
    • 13.2  Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
    • 13.3  Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
    • 13.4  Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
    • 13.5  Representing Data Ethically
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Look for Opportunities to Include Visual Evidence
  • 14  Introductions and Conclusions
    • 14.1  The Common Structure of Introductions
    • 14.2  Step 1: Stating a Context
    • 14.3  Step 2: Stating Your Problem
    • 14.4  Step 3: Stating Your Response
    • 14.5  Setting the Right Pace
    • 14.6  Finding Your First Few Words
    • 14.7  Writing Your Conclusion
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Use Key Terms in Titles
  • 15  Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
    • 15.1  Judging Style
    • 15.2  The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
    • 15.3  A Third Principle: Old Before New
    • 15.4  Choosing Between the Active and Passive Voice
    • 15.5  A Final Principle: Complexity Last
    • 15.6  Editorial Polish
      • ▶ Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
  • 16  Research Presentations
    • 16.1  Presenting to Auditors
    • 16.2  Giving a Preliminary Presentation
    • 16.3  Giving a Final Presentation
      • ▶ Quick Tip: Treat Your Presentation as a Performance
• V  Some Last Considerations
• 17  The Ethics of Research
  • 17.1  Your Ethical Obligation to Yourself
  • 17.2  Your Ethical Obligations to Your Audience and Fellow Researchers
  • 17.3  Research and Social Responsibility
  • 17.4  A Final Thought
• 18  Advice for Teachers
  • 18.1  The Risks of Imposing Formal Rules
  • 18.2  On Assignment Scenarios: Creating a Ground for Curiosity
  • 18.3  Accepting the Inevitable Messiness of Learning
• Our Debts
• Appendix: A Brief Guide to Bibliographic and Other Resources
• Index

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