Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Metrics and measures
• Introduction
  • References
• Section I The Anthropocene and the Earth system: foundational concepts
  • References
  • Q1 What is the Anthropocene?
    • References
  • Q2 Is the Anthropocene a geological time unit?
    • References
  • Q3 What is the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q4 What are biogeochemical cycles?
    • References
  • Q5 What is albedo?
    • References
  • Q6 What are ecosystems, landscapes and biomes?
    • References
  • Q7 What are environmental (ecosystem) services?
    • References
  • Q8 Are global environmental change and climate change different?
    • References
  • Q9 Are the totality of human impacts on the Earth system novel?
    • References
• Section II The emergence of the Anthropocene
  • References
  • Q10 Did Stone Age people change the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q11 Did early agriculturalists change the Earth system as proposed by the Ruddiman hypothesis?
    • References
  • Q12 Did the early colonial era change the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q13 Has the industrial era affected the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q14 Are we entering a new technological era beyond the industrial one?
    • References
  • Q15 Is the Anthropocene concept applicable in the distant past?
    • References
• Section III Human changes to the land surface/lithosphere
  • References
  • Q16 Has human activity changed the land surface of the Earth?
    • References
  • Q17 Has human activity changed forests?
    • References
  • Q18 Why does tropical deforestation attract so much attention?
    • References
  • Q19 What is the forest transition thesis and its relevance to global forests?
    • References
  • Q20 How much land is cultivated and what are its environmental consequences?
    • References
  • Q21 Has human activity eroded and degraded soils globally?
    • References
  • Q22 Will agriculture require less land in the future as proposed by the Borlaug hypothesis?
    • References
  • Q23 Does land taken out of cultivation decrease the global area cultivated or lead to displacement and land-grabbing?
    • References
  • Q24 How much grasslands and pastures have been altered or degraded globally?
    • References
  • Q25 What are co-adapted landscapes?
    • References
  • Q26 What is desertification and how much has occurred?
    • References
  • Q27 Does human landscape burning have Earth system impacts?
    • References
  • Q28 Has human activity reduced mangrove forests?
    • References
  • Q29 Has human activity on tundra influenced climate warming?
    • References
  • Q30 Has human activity created land subsidence worldwide?
    • References
  • Q31 Does urbanization impact the Earth system?
    • References
• Section IV Human changes to the hydrosphere
  • References
  • Q32 Has human activity altered the hydrological (water) cycle?
    • References
  • Q33 What are water withdrawal, water consumption and water footprint, and their implications for water availability?
    • References
  • Q34 Has human activity altered freshwater surface stocks and with what environmental consequences?
    • References
  • Q35 Has human activity degraded groundwater and aquifer stocks globally?
    • References
  • Q36 Has human activity depleted wetlands globally?
    • References
  • Q37 Has human activity reduced frozen water – the cryosphere – globally?
    • References
  • Q38 Has human activity increased ocean heat?
    • References
  • Q39 Has human activity raised sea levels?
    • References
  • Q40 Has human activity disrupted the thermohaline circulation/meridional overturning circulation, and what are the consequences?
    • References
  • Q41 Has human activity acidified and deoxygenated the oceans?
    • References
  • Q42 Has human activity polluted the oceans globally in new ways?
    • References
• Section V Human changes to the atmosphere
  • References
  • Q43 Has human activity altered the functioning of the troposphere and stratosphere?
    • References
  • Q44 Has human activity increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
    • References
  • Q45 Has human activity increased aerosols in the atmosphere?
    • References
  • Q46 Is the Earth system warming – is climate change real – and how do we know?
    • References
  • Q47 What is the Earth’s average temperature and how is it determined?
    • References
  • Q48 What is the evidence for human-induced global climate warming?
    • References
  • Q49 Do El Niño and La Niña (ENSO) events cause warming of the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q50 Will human activity increase the occurrence of droughts globally?
    • References
  • Q51 Has human activity increased tropical storms?
    • References
  • Q52 Is the extreme cold of the polar vortex human-induced and does it negate the trends in global warming?
    • References
  • Q53 Has human activity damaged the ozone layer?
    • References
  • Q54 Do cities amplify local temperatures and precipitation and contribute to global warming?
    • References
• Section VI Human changes to life in the biosphere
  • References
  • Q55 Is human activity creating a new mass extinction?
    • References
  • Q56 Has the human movement of domesticated and other biota changed the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q57 Do pollutants from human activities degrade land biota worldwide?
    • References
  • Q58 Has human activity reduced marine fish stocks?
    • References
  • Q59 Has human activity affected coral reefs?
    • References
  • Q60 Has human activity affected microorganisms and their links to the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q61 Does the built environment of cities alter biota dynamics?
    • References
• Section VII The human causes of the Anthropocene
  • References
  • Q62 Does IPAT explain environmental change?
    • References
  • Q63 Does an increasing population alter environments?
    • References
  • Q64 Does increasing affluence alter environments?
    • References
  • Q65 Does technology create environmental change?
    • References
  • Q66 Do institutions create environmental change?
    • References
  • Q67 Are some economies and political economies more environmentally degrading than others?
    • References
  • Q68 Do cultural values and norms shape environmental behaviour?
    • References
• Section VIII Understanding our relationship with nature
  • References
  • Q69 What is – and ought to be – our relationship with nature?
    • References
  • Q70 How has science treated human–environment relationships conceptually and analytically?
    • References
  • Q71 What is the social–environment system in human–environmental science?
    • References
  • Q72 Do views about human–environment relationships cross-cut cultures and social groups?
    • References
  • Q73 How do the Cassandra and Cornucopian perspectives shape views on human–environment relationships?
    • References
  • Q74 How does the Malthusian thesis and its implications apply to human–environment relationships?
    • References
  • Q75 Does carrying capacity apply to conditions in the Anthropocene?
    • References
  • Q76 How does the Boserupian thesis and its implications apply to human–environment relationships?
    • References
  • Q77 Can the Malthusian and Boserupian theses be reconciled and what are the implications for understanding human–environment relationships?
    • References
  • Q78 What was “The Bet” and what are its implications for understanding human–environment relationships?
    • References
  • Q79 Why is human-induced climate change so seriously challenged despite the science supporting it?
    • References
  • Q80 In what ways do humanists influence our understanding of human–environment relationships?
    • References
• Section IX Sustainability in the Anthropocene
  • References
  • Q81 Do distinctions exist among approaches to sustainability?
    • References
  • Q82 In what ways does sustainability differ from previous environmental concerns?
    • References
  • Q83 What does “place-based” research mean in sustainability science?
    • References
  • Q84 How does sustainable development differ from sustainability?
    • References
  • Q85 What is the distinction between weak and strong sustainability and its implications for sustainability goals?
    • References
  • Q86 What are complex adaptive systems and their implications for sustainability?
    • References
  • Q87 Why are uncertainty, surprise and the precautionary principle applied throughout sustainability problems?
    • References
  • Q88 Is the Earth system approaching its planetary boundaries to function?
    • References
  • Q89 Are tipping elements in the Earth system reaching their tipping points?
    • References
  • Q90 What is the Gaia hypothesis and what are its implications for Earth system sustainability?
    • References
  • Q91 What is the environmentalist’s paradox and what does it mean for sustainability?
    • References
  • Q92 In what ways are the concepts of vulnerability and resilience applicable to sustainability interests?
    • References
  • Q93 Do the vulnerability and resilience of past human–environment relationships provide insights about current sustainability?
    • References
  • Q94 Can the economic value of global environmental services – the biosphere and Earth system – be calculated?
    • References
  • Q95 What is inclusive wealth and its applicability to sustainability?
    • References
  • Q96 What other measures of sustainability are used?
    • References
  • Q97 What are the distinctions and implications of mitigation and adaptation for climate change?
    • References
  • Q98 What can we learn from the CFC-ozone and CO2-climate change experiences about the pros and cons of international environmental agreements to reduce degradation of the Earth system?
    • References
  • Q99 What are the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and what are their implications for sustainability?
    • References
  • Q100 How might the knowledge of sustainability science lead to improved actions toward sustainable development?
    • References
  • Q101 Is a sustainable Anthropocene possible?
    • References
• Glossary
• Appendix: International programmes, conventions and platforms dealing with the environment and sustainability
• Permissions and acknowledgements for figures and tables
• Index

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