Efnisyfirlit

• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Guided Tour
• Online Learning Centre
• 1 The sociology of sport: what is it and why study it?
  • About this book
  • Thinking critically about sports in society
  • About this chapter
  • Defining culture and society
  • Defining sports
    • A traditional definition of sports
    • An alternative approach to defining sports
  • What is the sociology of sport?
    • Differences between sociology and psychology of sport
    • Using the sociology of sport
  • Controversies created by the sociology of sport
    • Different approaches in the sociology of sport
  • Why study sports in society?
    • Sports are given special meaning in people’s lives
    • Sports are tied to important ideas and beliefs in many cultures
    • Sports are connected to major spheres of social life
  • What is the current status of the sociology of sport?
  • Summary: why study the sociology of sport?
  • Website resources
• 2 Using social theories: how can they help us study sports in society?
  • What are theories and why do we need them?
  • Functionalist theory and Emile Durkheim: sports preserve the status quo
    • Functionalist theory and research on sport
    • Using functionalist theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of functionalist theory
  • Conflict theory and Karl Marx: sports are tools of the wealthy
    • Conflict theory and research on sport
    • Using conflict theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of conflict theory
    • Beyond the needs of society
  • Critical theory, Antonio Gramsci and Pierre Bourdieu: sports are sites where culture and social rela
    • Critical theories and research on sports
    • Using critical theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of critical theory
  • Postmodern and post-structuralist theories and Michel Foucault: sports are sites of complex power re
    • Postmodern and post-structuralist theories and research on sport
    • Using postmodern and post-structuralist theories in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of postmodern and post-structuralist theories
  • Feminist theory: sports are gendered activities
    • Critical feminist theory and research on sports
    • Using critical feminist theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of critical feminist theory
  • Interactionist theory and Erving Goffman: sports are given meaning as people interact with one anoth
    • Interactionist theory and research on sports
    • Using interactionist theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of interactionist theory
  • Figurational theory and Norbert Elias: sports are collective inventions
    • Figurational theory and research on sports
    • Using figurational theory in everyday life
    • Weaknesses of figurational theory
  • Is there a best theoretical approach to use when studying sports?
  • Summary: how can social theories help us study sports in society?
  • Website resources
• 3 Studying the past: does it help us understand sports today?
  • Understanding history while studying sports in society
  • Sports vary by time and place
  • Contests and games in Ancient Greece: beyond the myths (1000 BC–100 BC)
  • Roman contests and games: spectacles and gladiators (100 BC–AD 500)
  • Tournaments and games in medieval Europe: separation of the masters and the masses (500–1300)
  • The Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment (1300–1800)
    • The Renaissance
    • The Reformation
    • The Enlightenment
  • The Industrial Revolution: the emergence of organized competitive sports (1780–1920)
    • The early years: limited time and space for sports
    • The later years: changing interests, values and opportunities
  • Since 1920: struggles continue
    • Struggles over meaning: do sports encourage or challenge social divisions?
    • Struggles over purpose: is winning the only thing?
    • Struggles over organization: who is in control?
    • Struggles over sports participation: can everyone play?
    • Struggles over funding: who pays, who gains?
  • Using history to think about the future
  • Summary: can we use history to understand sports today?
  • Website resources
• 4 Sports and socialization: who plays and what happens to them?
  • What is socialization?
    • A functionalist approach to socialization
    • A conflict theory approach to socialization
    • Social interactionist approach to socialization
  • Becoming and staying involved in sports
    • Example 1: family culture and the sports participation of children
    • Example 2: to participate or not to participate?
    • Example 3: the process of being accepted as an athlete
  • Changing or ending sports participation
    • Example 1: burnout among young athletes
    • Example 2: getting out of sports and getting on with life
    • Example 3: changing personal investments in sports careers
  • Being involved in sports: what happens?
    • Do sports build character?
    • Do sports improve health and physical well-being?
    • How do sports affect our lives?
    • Real-life experiences: sports stories from athletes
    • Social worlds: living in sports
    • Ideology: sports as sites for struggling over how we think and what we do
  • What socialization research does not tell us
  • Summary: who plays and what happens?
  • Website resources
• 5 Sports and young people: are organized schemes worth the effort?
  • Origin and development of organized youth sports
    • The postwar baby boom and the growth of youth sports
    • Social changes have influenced the growth of organized youth sports
  • Major trends in youth sports today
    • The privatization of organized schemes
    • Emphasis on the performance ethic
    • Elite, specialized sports programmes
    • Increased involvement and concerns among parents
    • Increased interest in alternative and action sports
  • Different experiences: informal, player-controlled sports versus organized, adult-controlled sports
    • Informal, player-controlled sports
    • Formal, adult-controlled sports
    • Analysis of differences
  • Sociological questions about youth sports
    • When are children ready to play organized competitive sports?
    • What are the dynamics of family relationships in connection with organized youth sports?
    • How do social factors influence youth sport experiences?
  • Sports and education
    • Physical education and school sports
    • Student athletes in higher education
  • Recommendations for improving youth sports
    • Improving informal, alternative and action sports
    • Improving organized sports
    • Improving high-performance sport schemes
  • Prospects for improving youth sports
  • Summary: are organized youth sports schemes worth the effort?
  • Website resources
• 6 Deviance in sports: is it out of control?
  • Challenges faced when defining and studying deviance in sports
  • Approaches to studying deviance in sports
    • Using functionalist theory: deviance disrupts shared values
    • Using conflict theory: deviance interferes with the interests of wealthy people
    • Using interactionist and critical theories: deviance as a social construction
    • Deviant over conformity in sports
    • The sports ethic and deviance in sports
    • Why do athletes engage in deviant overconformity?
    • Deviant overconformity and group dynamics
    • Deviant overconformity and deviant underconformity: is there a connection?
    • Controlling deviant overconformity in sports
  • Research on deviance among athletes
    • Deviance on the field
    • Deviance off the field
    • Is sports participation a cure for deviant behaviour?
  • Performance-enhancing substances: deviant overconformity in sports
    • The GSM, doping and Lance Armstrong as evil
    • Sport careers and performance-enhancing technologies
    • The war on doping
    • Alternatives to the war on doping
  • Summary: is deviance in sports out of control?
  • Website resources
• 7 Violence in sports: how does it affect our lives?
  • What is violence?
  • Violence in sports through history
  • Violence on the field
    • Types of violence
    • Violence as deviant overconformity to the norms of the sports ethic
    • Commercialization and violence in sports
    • Violence and masculinity
    • The institutionalization of violence in sports
    • Pain and injury as the price of violence
    • Controlling on-the-field violence
  • Violence off the field
    • Control versus carry-over
    • Assaults and sexual assaults by athletes
  • Violence among spectators
    • Violence among media viewers
    • Violence at sports events
    • Research and theories about crowd violence in the UK
    • Crowd violence outside the UK
    • General factors related to violence at sports events
    • Terrorism: planned political violence at sports events
    • Controlling crowd violence
  • Summary: does violence in sports affect our lives?
  • Website resources
• 8 Gender and sports: is equity possible?
  • Ideology and power issues
    • Being ‘out of bounds’: a problem for gays and lesbians
    • Gender ideology in action: maintaining the status quo
    • Challenging gender ideology: blurring the old boundaries
  • Dominant gender ideology and sports
    • Celebrating masculinity in sports
    • Girls and women as invaders in sports
  • Progress towards gender equity in sports participation
    • Government legislation and policies mandating equal rights
    • The global women and sports movement
    • New opportunities
    • The health and fitness movement, and new ideas about femininity
    • Increased media coverage of women in sports
  • Gender and fairness issues in sports
    • Participation opportunities: organized and mainstream sports
    • Participation opportunities: informal and alternative sports
    • Support for athletes
    • Jobs for women in coaching and administration
  • Reasons to be cautious when predicting future participation increases
    • Budget cuts
    • Backlash among people who resent changes that threaten dominant gender ideology
    • Underrepresentation of women in decision-making positions in sports
    • Continued emphasis on ‘cosmetic fitness’
    • Trivialization of women’s sports
    • Homophobia reproduces dominant gender ideology
    • Experiences of intersex and transgender persons in sports
  • Strategies to achieve equity
    • Girls and women as agents of change
    • Boys and men as agents of change
    • Challenging homophobia
    • Changing the way we do sports
  • Summary: does equity require ideological changes?
  • Website resources
• 9 Race, ethnicity and national identity: are they important in sports?
  • Defining race, ethnicity and national identity
  • Creating race and racial ideologies
    • Racial ideology in the UK
    • The problem with race and racial ideology
    • Race, racial ideology and sports
    • Racial ideology, gender and social class
  • Sports participation among minority ethnic groups in the UK
    • Sports participation among black Britons
    • Sports participation among Asian Britons
    • Sports participation, ethnicity and national identity in the ‘United’ Kingdom
  • The dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports
    • Eliminating racial and ethnic exclusion in sports
    • Dealing with and managing racial and ethnic diversity in sports
    • Integrating positions of power in sports organizations
    • Prospects for change
  • Summary: are race, ethnicity and national identity important in sports?
  • Website resources
• 10 Social class: do money and power matter in sports?
  • Social class and class relations
  • Sports and economic inequality
    • The dynamics of class relations
    • Class ideology in the UK
    • Class relations and who has power in sports
  • Social class and sports participation patterns
    • Home-making, child-rearing and earning a living: class and gender relations in women’s lives
    • Being respected and becoming a man: class and gender relations in men’s lives
    • Fighting to survive: class, gender and ethnic relations among boxers
    • Class relations in action: the decline of school sports and physical education
    • Class relations in action: the cost of attending sports events
  • Global inequalities and sports
  • Economic and career opportunities in sports
    • Career opportunities are limited
    • Opportunities for women are growing but remain limited
    • Opportunities for ethnic minorities are growing but remain limited
  • Sports participation and occupational careers among former athletes
    • Highly paid athletes and career success after playing sports
  • Summary: do money and power matter in sports?
  • Website resources
• 11 Age and ability: barriers to participation and inclusion?
  • What counts as ability?
    • Ageism
    • Ableism
  • Constructing the meaning and social significance of age
    • Ageing as a social and political issue
    • Age, sports and ability
    • Emerging ideas about ageing and sports
    • Older people only: age-segregated sports
    • Age, ability and context
  • Constructing the meaning and social significance of ability
    • The emerging meaning of disability
    • The meaning of ability differences
    • Media constructions of disability
    • Gendering disability
  • Sport and ability
    • Exclusion and inclusion
    • Sport as a cause of disability
  • Disability sports
    • Paralympics: sports for people with physical disabilities
    • Special Olympics: sports for people with intellectual disabilities
    • Disability sport events and organizations
    • Disability sport legacies
  • Technology and ability
    • Virtual bodies and cyborg identities
    • Access to technology
  • To ‘dis’or not to ‘dis’
  • Summary: are age and ability barriers to participation?
  • Website resources
• 12 Sports and the economy: what are the characteristics of commercial sports?
  • Emergence and growth of commercial sports
    • Class relations and commercial sports
    • The creation of spectator interest in sports
    • Commercial sports and the economy of the UK
    • Economic factors and the globalization of commercial sports
  • Commercialization and changes in sports
    • Internal structure and goals of sports
    • Orientations of athletes, coaches and sponsors
    • The people and organizations that control sports
  • Owners, sponsors and promoters in commercial sports
    • Professional sports in the UK
    • Amateur sports in the UK
  • Legal status and incomes of athletes in commercial sports
    • Professional athletes
    • Amateur athletes in commercial sports
  • Summary: what are the characteristics of commercial sports?
  • Website resources
• 13 Sports and the media: could they survive without each other?
  • Characteristics of the media
    • Power and control in sports media
    • Media representations of sports
    • New media and sports
    • Video games as simulated sports
  • Sports and the media: a two-way relationship
    • Sports depend on the media
    • The media depend on sports
    • Sports and the media: a relationship based on economics and ideology
  • Images and narratives in media sports
    • Media production and representation of sports?
    • Ideological themes underlying media coverage?
  • Experiences and consequences of consuming media sports
    • Audience experiences
    • Active participation in sports
    • Attendance at sports events
  • Sports journalism
    • Sports journalists on the job: relationships with athletes
  • Summary: could sports and the media survive without each other?
  • Website resources
• 14 Sports, politics and globalization: how do governments and global processes influence sports?
  • The sports–government connection
    • Safeguard the public order
    • Maintain health and fitness
    • Promote the prestige and power of a group, community or nation
    • Promoting identity and unity
    • Reproduce values consistent with dominant political ideology
    • Increase support for political leaders and government
    • Facilitate economic and social development
    • Additional examples of government involvement in sports
    • Critical issues and government involvement in sports
    • The governance of sports in the UK
  • Sports and global political processes
    • International sports: ideals versus realities
    • Nation states, sports and ideological hegemony
    • Political realities in an era of transnational corporations
    • Political realities in an era of globalization
    • Making sense of political realities
  • Politics in sports
  • Summary: how do governments and global processes influence sports?
  • Website resources
• 15 Sports in the future: what do we want them to be?
  • Envisioning possibilities for the future
    • Power and performance sports
    • Pleasure and participation sports
  • Current trends related to sports in society
    • Factors supporting the growth of power and performance sports
    • Factors supporting the growth of pleasure and participation sports
  • Factors influencing trends today
    • Organization and rationalization
    • Commercialism and consumption
    • Telecommunications and electronic media
    • Technology
    • Demographic characteristics of communities and societies
  • Becoming agents of change
    • Identifying goals
    • Assessing vantage points
    • Using social theories
    • Feminist theory
  • Summary: what do we want sports to be?
• References
• Index

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