Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Special Tips for Students
• 1 Introducing Social Psychology
  • Defining Social Psychology
    • TRY IT! Conflicting Social Influences
    • Social Psychology, Philosophy, Science, and Common Sense
    • How Social Psychology Differs From Its Closest Cousins
    • TRY IT! Social Situations and Shyness
  • The Power of the Situation
    • Underestimating the Power of the Situation
    • The Importance of Construal
    • #trending Medals for Sustainability!
  • Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives
    • The Self‐Esteem Motive: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves
      • Suffering and Self‐Justification
    • The Social Cognition Motive: The Need to Be Accurate
  • Why Study Social Psychology?
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
  • Social Psychology: An Empirical Science
    • TRY IT! Social Psychology Quiz: What’s Your Prediction?
    • Formulating Hypotheses and Theories
      • Inspiration from Previous Theories and Research
      • Hypotheses Based on Personal Observations
  • Research Designs
    • The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior
      • Ethnography
      • Archival Analysis
      • Limits of the Observational Method
    • The Correlational Method: Predicting Social Behavior
      • Surveys
      • Limits of the Correlational Method: Correlation does not Equal Causation
    • TRY IT! Correlation and Causation: Knowing the Difference
    • The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions
      • Independent and Dependent Variables
      • Internal Validity in Experiments
      • External Validity in Experiments
      • Field Experiments
      • Replications and Meta‐Analysis
      • #trending Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
      • Basic Versus Applied Research
  • New Frontiers in Social Psychological Research
    • Culture and Social Psychology
    • Social Neuroscience
  • Ethical Issues in Social Psychology
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 3 Social Cognition: How We ThinkAbout the Social World
  • On Automatic Pilot: Low‐Effort Thinking
    • People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking With Schemas
    • Which Schemas Do We Use? Accessibility and Priming
    • Making Our Schemas Come True: The Self‐Fulfilling Prophecy
    • #trending Do You Believe in Astrology?
  • Types of Automatic Thinking
    • Automatic Goal Pursuit
    • Automatic Thinking and Metaphors About the Body and the Mind
    • Mental Strategies and Shortcuts: Judgmental Heuristics
      • How Easily Does it Come to Mind? The Availability Heuristic
      • How Similar is A to B? The Representativeness Heuristic
      • Personality Tests and The Representativeness Heuristic
    • TRY IT! Reasoning Quiz
  • Cultural Differences in Social Cognition
    • Cultural Determinants of Schemas
    • Holistic Versus Analytic Thinking
  • Controlled Social Cognition: High‐Effort Thinking
    • Controlled Thinking and Free Will
    • TRY IT! Can You Predict Your (or Your Friend’s) Future?
    • Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual Reasoning
    • Improving Human Thinking
    • TRY IT! How Well Do You Reason?
    • Watson Revisited
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 4 Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People
  • Nonverbal Communication
    • Try It! Using Your Voice as a Nonverbal Cue
    • Facial Expressions of Emotion
      • Evolution and Facial Expressions
      • Why is Decoding Sometimes Difficult?
    • Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication
  • First Impressions: Quick But Long‐Lasting
    • #trending First Impressions Formed Online
    • The Lingering Influence of Initial Impressions
  • Causal Attribution: Answering the “Why” Question
    • The Nature of the Attribution Process
    • The Covariation Model: Internal Versus External Attributions
    • The Fundamental Attribution Error: People as Personality Psychologists
      • The Role of Perceptual Salience in the Fundamental Attribution Error
      • The Two‐Step Attribution Process
    • Self‐Serving Attributions
    • The “Bias Blind Spot”
  • Culture and Social Perception
    • Holistic Versus Analytic Thinking
      • Social Neuroscience Evidence
    • Cultural Differences in the Fundamental Attribution Error
    • Culture and Other Attributional Biases
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 5 The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
  • The Origins and Nature of the Self‐Concept
    • Cultural Influences on the Self‐Concept
    • TRY IT! A Measure of Independence and Interdependence
    • Functions of the Self
  • Self‐Knowledge
    • Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection
      • Focusing on the Self: Self‐Awareness Theory
      • TRY IT! Measure Your Private Self‐Consciousness
      • Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More Than We Can Know
    • Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behavior
      • Self‐Perception Theory
      • Understanding Our Emotions: The Two‐Factor Theory of Emotion
      • Finding the Wrong Cause: Misattribution of Arousal
      • Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
      • Mind‐sets and Motivation
    • #trending Growth Mindset in the Classroom
    • Using Other People to Know Ourselves
      • Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others
      • Knowing Ourselves by Adopting Other People’s Views
  • Self‐Control: The Executive Function of the Self
  • Impression Management: All the World’s a Stage
    • Ingratiation and Self‐Handicapping
    • Culture, Impression Management, and Self‐Enhancement
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 6 Cognitive Dissonance and the Need to Protect Our Self‐Esteem
  • The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: Protecting Our Self‐Esteem
    • Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
      • Distorting Our Likes and Dislikes
      • The Permanence of the Decision
      • Creating the Illusion of Irrevocability
    • The Justification of Effort
    • Counterattitudinal Behavior
      • Counterattitudinal Behavior Toward Consequential Issues
      • The Ben Franklin Effect: Justifying Acts of Kindness
      • Dehumanizing the Enemy: Justifying Cruelty
      • TRY IT! The Internal Consequences of Doing Good
      • Justifying Our Own Immoral Acts
    • Avoiding Temptations
    • The Hypocrisy Paradigm
    • Dissonance Across Cultures
  • Advances and Extensions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
    • Self‐Affirmation Theory
    • Try It! Values Affirmation Writing Exercise
    • Dissonance in Close Relationships: Self‐Evaluation Maintenance Theory
  • Some Concluding Thoughts on Dissonance and Self‐Esteem
    • #trending Law and Cognitive Dissonance
    • Overcoming Dissonance
    • Narcissism and the Dangers of Too Much Self‐Esteem
    • TRY IT! Measuring Your Narcissism
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 7 Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings
  • The Nature and Origin of Attitudes
    • Where Do Attitudes Come From?
      • Cognitively Based Attitudes
      • Affectively Based Attitudes
    • Try It! Affective and Cognitive Bases of Attitudes
      • Behaviorally Based Attitudes
    • Explicit Versus Implicit Attitudes
  • When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
    • Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors
    • Predicting Deliberative Behaviors
      • Specific Attitudes
      • Subjective Norms
      • Perceived Behavioral Control
    • #trending Predicting Environmentally Friendly Action
  • How Do Attitudes Change?
    • Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited
    • Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change
      • The Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
      • The Motivation to Pay Attention to the Arguments
      • The Ability to Pay Attention to the Arguments
      • How to Achieve Long‐Lasting Attitude Change
    • Emotion and Attitude Change
      • Fear‐Arousing Communications
      • Emotions as a Heuristic 
      • Emotion and Different Types of Attitudes
    • Attitude Change and the Body
  • The Power of Advertising
    • How Advertising Works
    • Subliminal Advertising: A Form of Mind Control?
      • Debunking the Claims about Subliminal Advertising
      • Laboratory Evidence for Subliminal Influence
    • Try It! Consumer Brand Attitudes
    • Advertising and Culture
  • Resisting Persuasive Messages
    • Attitude Inoculation
    • Being Alert to Product Placement
    • Resisting Peer Pressure
    • When Persuasion Attempts Backfire: Reactance Theory
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 8 Conformity and Obedience: Influencing Behavior
  • Conformity: When and Why
  • Informational Social Influence: The Need to Know What’s “Right”
    • The Importance of Being Accurate
    • When Informational Conformity Backfires
    • When Will People Conform to Informational Social Influence?
      • When the Situation is Ambiguous
      • When the Situation is a Crisis
      • When Other People are Experts
  • Normative Social Influence: The Need to Be Accepted
    • Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line‐Judgment Studies
    • The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited
    • The Consequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence
    • TRY IT! Unveiling Normative Social Influence by Breaking the Rules
    • When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence?
      • When the Group is Important
      • When One Has No Allies in the Group 
      • When the Group’s Culture is Collectivistic
    • #trending Social Norms and Bigotry
    • Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many
  • Conformity Tactics
    • The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms
    • Using Norms to Change Behavior: Beware the “Boomerang Effect”
    • Other Tactics of Social Influence
  • Obedience to Authority
    • The Milgram Study
    • The Role of Normative Social Influence
    • The Role of Informational Social Influence
    • Other Reasons Why We Obey
      • Adhering to the Wrong Norm
      • Self‐Justification
      • The Loss of Personal Responsibility
    • The Obedience Studies, Then and Now
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 9 Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
  • What Is a Group?
    • Why Do People Join Groups?
    • The Composition and Functions of Groups
      • Social Norms
      • Social Roles
      • Group Cohesiveness
      • Group Diversity
    • #trending Cooperative and Corruptive Tendencies
  • Individual Behavior in a Group Setting
    • Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us
      • Simple Versus Difficult Tasks
      • Arousal and the Dominant Response 
      • Why the Presence of Others Causes Arousal
    • Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us
    • Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most?
    • Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd
      • Deindividuation Makes People Feel Less Accountable
      • Deindividuation Increases Obedience to Group Norms 
      • Deindividuation Online
  • Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?
    • Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving
      • Failure to Share Unique Information
      • Groupthink: Many Heads, One Mind
    • Group Polarization: Going to Extremes
    • Leadership in Groups
      • Leadership and Personality 
      • Leadership Styles
      • The Right Person in the Right Situation
      • Gender and Leadership 
      • Culture and Leadership
  • Conflict and Cooperation
    • Social Dilemmas
    • Try It! Beyond the two‐person Prisoner’s Dilemma: The Public Goods Game
      • Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
    • Using Threats to Resolve Conflict
      • Effects of Communication
    • Negotiation and Bargaining
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 10 Attraction and Relationships: From Initial Impressions to Long‐Term Intimacy
  • What Predicts Attraction?
    • The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect
    • Similarity
      • Opinions and Personality
      • Interests and Experiences
      • Appearance
      • Genetics
      • Some Final Comments About Similarity
    • #trending “Hook‐Up Culture” and Today’s Youth
    • Reciprocal Liking
    • Physical Attractiveness
      • What is Attractive?
      • Cultural Standards of Beauty 
      • The Power of Familiarity 
      • Assumptions About Attractive People
    • Evolution and Mate Selection
      • Evolution and Sex Differences
      • Alternate Perspectives On Sex Differences
  • Making Connections in the Digital World
    • Attraction 2.0: Mate Preference in an Online Era
    • The Promise and Pitfalls of Meeting People Online
  • Love and Close Relationships
    • Defining Love: Companionship and Passion
    • Try It! Passionate Love Scale
    • Culture and Love
    • Attachment Styles in Intimate Relationships
    • Your Body and Brain in Love
  • Assessing Relationships: Satisfaction and Breaking Up
    • Theories of Relationship Satisfaction
      • Social Exchange Theory
      • Equity Theory
    • The Process and Experience of Breaking Up
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 11 Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
  • Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
    • Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes
      • Kin Selection
      • The Reciprocity Norm
      • Try It! The Dictator Game
      • Group Selection
    • Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping
    • Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping
  • Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
    • Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality
    • Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior
    • Try It! Empathic Concern
    • Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior
    • Religion and Prosocial Behavior
    • #trending When Altruistic Behavior Becomes Risky
    • The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior
      • Effects of Positive Moods: Feel Good, Do Good
      • Feel Bad, Do Good
  • Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When Will People Help?
    • Environment: Rural Versus Urban
    • Residential Mobility
    • The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect
      • Noticing an Event
      • Interpreting the Event as an Emergency
      • Assuming Responsibility
      • Knowing How to Help
      • Deciding to Implement the Help
    • Diffusion of Responsibility in Cyberspace
    • Effects of the Media: Video Games and Music Lyrics
  • How Can Helping Be Increased?
    • Increasing the Likelihood That Bystanders Will Intervene
    • Increasing Volunteerism
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 12 Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? Can We Prevent It?
  • Is Aggression Innate, Learned, or Optional?
    • The Evolutionary View
      • Aggression in Other Animals
    • Culture and Aggression
      • Changes in Aggression Across Time and Cultures
      • Cultures of Honor
    • Gender and Aggression
      • Physical Aggression
      • Relational Aggression
    • Learning to Behave Aggressively
    • Some Physiological Influences
      • The Effects of Alcohol
      • The Effects of Pain and Heat
  • Social Situations and Aggression
    • Frustration and Aggression
    • Provocation and Reciprocation
    • Try It! Video Games and Aggression
    • Weapons as Aggressive Cues
    • Putting the Elements Together: The Case of Sexual Assault
      • Motivations for Rape
      • Sexual Scripts and the Problem of Consent
  • Violence and the Media
    • Studying the Effects of Media Violence
      • Experimental Studies
      • Longitudinal Studies
    • The Problem of Determining Cause and Effect
  • How to Decrease Aggression
    • Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggression?
      • Using Punishment on Violent Adults
    • Can We Release Anger by Indulging It?
      • The Effects of Aggressive Acts on Subsequent Aggression
      • Blaming the Victim of Our Aggression
    • What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger?
      • Venting Versus Self‐Awareness
      • Training in Communication and Problem‐Solving Skills
      • Try It! Controlling Your Anger
      • Getting Apologies Right
      • Countering Dehumanization by Building Empathy
    • #trending “Re‐accommodation”: The United Airlines Debacle
    • Disrupting the Rejection‐Rage Cycle
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• 13 Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures
  • Defining Prejudice
    • The Cognitive Component: Stereotypes
      • Are Positive Stereotypes Good?
    • Try It! Stereotypes and Aggression
    • The Affective Component: Emotions
    • The Behavioral Component: Discrimination
      • Try It! Identifying and Changing Your Prejudices
      • Institutionalized Discrimination
      • Everyday Discrimination
      • From Prejudice to Discrimination
  • Detecting Hidden Prejudices
    • Ways of Identifying Suppressed Prejudices
    • Ways of Identifying Implicit Prejudices
  • The Effects of Prejudice on the Victim
    • The Self‐Fulfilling Prophecy
    • Social Identity Threat
  • Causes of Prejudice
    • Pressures to Conform: Normative Rules
    • #trending Everyday Discrimination in Professional Sports
    • Social Identity Theory: Us versus Them
      • Ethnocentrism
      • In‐Group Bias 
      • Out‐Group Homogeneity 
      • Blaming the Victim
      • Justifying Feelings of Entitlement and Superiority
    • Realistic Conflict Theory
  • Reducing Prejudice
    • The Contact Hypothesis
      • Where Contact Can go Wrong
    • Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom
      • Why Does Jigsaw Work?
      • Try It! Jigsaw‐Type Group Study
      • The Gradual Spread of Cooperative and Interdependent Learning
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• Social Psychology in Action 1: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable and Happy Future
  • Applied Research in Social Psychology
    • Capitalizing on the Experimental Method
      • Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions
      • Potential Risks of Social Interventions
    • Social Psychology to the Rescue
  • Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future
    • Conveying and Changing Social Norms
    • Try It! Reducing Littering with Descriptive Norms
    • Keeping Track of Consumption
    • Introducing a Little Competitiveness
    • Inducing Hypocrisy
    • Removing Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes
  • Happiness and a Sustainable Lifestyle
    • What Makes People Happy?
      • Satisfying Relationships
      • Flow: Becoming Engaged in Something you Enjoy 
      • Accumulate Experiences, Not Things
      • Helping Others
    • Try It! Applying the Research to Your Own Life
    • Do People Know What Makes Them Happy?
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• Social Psychology in Action 2: Social Psychology and Health
  • Stress and Human Health
    • Resilience
    • Effects of Negative Life Events
      • Limits of Stress Inventories
    • Try It! The College Life Stress Inventory
    • Perceived Stress and Health
    • Feeling in Charge: The Importance of Perceived Control
      • Increasing Perceived Control in Nursing Homes 
      • Disease, Control, and Well‐Being
  • Coping with Stress
    • Gender Differences in Coping with Stress
    • Social Support: Getting Help from Others
    • Try It! Social Support
    • Reframing: Finding Meaning in Traumatic Events
  • Prevention: Promoting Healthier Behavior
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• Social Psychology in Action 3: Social Psychology and the Law
  • Eyewitness Testimony
    • Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong?
      • Encoding
      • Storage
      • Retrieval
    • Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are Mistaken
      • Responding Quickly
      • Post‐Identification Feedback
    • Try It! The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
    • The Recovered Memory Debate
  • Juries: Group Processes in Action
    • How Jurors Process Information during the Trial
    • Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem?
    • Deliberations in the Jury Room
  • Summary
  • Test Yourself
• Glossary
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
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• Subject Index
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