Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Philosophy of Science
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Philosophy of the Natural Sciences
  • 1.3 What is Science? Differentiating Science from Nonscience
  • 1.4 Knowledge and Truth: What is Knowledge and What Constitutes a Scientific Fact?
  • 1.5 The Glue That Holds the World Together: Causation
  • 1.6 Scientific Explanation
  • 1.7 Modes of Inference
  • 1.8 What Science is About
  • 1.9 Scientific Rationality
  • 1.10 Hypothesis Testing
  • 1.11 The Aim of Science: Reducing Uncertainty
  • 1.12 The Empirical Turn in the Philosophy of Science: Science in Society
  • 1.13 Philosophy of the Social Sciences
  • 1.14 Interpretation, Understanding, and Explanation
  • 1.15 The Hermeneutic Circle, Horizon of Understanding, and “Double Hermeneutics”
  • 1.16 Power, Ideology, and Interests
  • 1.17 Validity
  • 1.18 Reductionism and Emergence
  • 1.19 Generalization
  • Questions to Discuss
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 2. Ethics and Scientific Conduct
  • 2.1 Why the Current Focus on Scientific Misconduct?
  • 2.2 What Do We Know About Scientific Misconduct?
  • 2.3 What is Wrong with Scientific Misconduct?
  • 2.4 Scientific Conduct and Misconduct
  • 2.5 Scientific Misconduct That Affects the Truth Claims of Scientific Findings
  • 2.6 Authorship
  • 2.7 Salami, Imalas, and Duplicate Publication
  • 2.8 The Investigation, Prevention, and Punishment of Scientific Misconduct
  • Questions to Discuss
  • Appendix 1 ICMJE Recommendations on the Role of Authors and Contributors
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 3. Ethics in Human and Animal Studies
  • 3.1 Basic Principles of Human Biomedical Research Ethics
  • 3.2 International Regulation
  • 3.3 The Ethics of Animal Research
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 4. Research Strategies, Planning, and Analysis
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Identifying Scientific Problems
  • 4.3 The Experimental Design
  • 4.4 Data Types
  • 4.5 Methods and Experimental Techniques
  • 4.6 Experimental Research Checklist
  • 4.7 Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Reliability
  • 4.8 Multifactorial Relationships and Observational Studies
  • 4.9 Validity, Effect Estimate, and Choice of Statistical Test
  • 4.10 Research Protocol
  • 4.11 Experimental Routines
  • Acknowledgments
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 5. Literature Searches and Reference Management
  • 5.1 Information Literacy
  • 5.2 Literature Searches
  • 5.3 Establishment of a Search Query
  • 5.4 Selection of Relevant Sources of Information
  • 5.5 Search Techniques
  • 5.6 Critical Assessment
  • 5.7 Bibliometric Measures
  • 5.8 Principal Scientific Bibliographic Databases
  • 5.9 Staying Up to Date
  • 5.10 Medical and Scientific Internet Search Engines
  • 5.11 Finding Research Protocols and Ongoing Projects
  • 5.12 Reference Management
  • 5.13 Open Access Publication, Copyright, and Self-Archiving
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 6. Basic Medical Science
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Long-Term Goals and Specific Aims
  • 6.3 Background and Significance
  • 6.4 Experimental Strategies and Methods
  • 6.5 Levels of Research—from Organisms to Cells
  • 6.6 Research on Experimental Animals
  • 6.7 The Three Rs
  • 6.8 Animal Models
  • 6.9 Mouse Models for Studies of Mammalian Development and Disease
  • 6.10 Legislation
  • 6.11 Notes on the Use of Experimental Animals
  • 6.12 Commonly Used Experimental Animals
  • 6.13 Cell and Tissue Culture
  • 6.14 An Overview of Selected Technical Developments
  • 6.15 Applications of Cell Culture
  • 6.16 Manipulation of Cultured Cells
  • 6.17 Possibilities Provided by Molecular Biological Techniques
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 7. Translational Medical Research
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 An Old Success Story—Aspirin
  • 7.3 Research Provides a Path to Understanding Mechanisms and New Drugs
  • 7.4 The Importance of Understanding Drug Metabolism—The Rise and Fall of Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  • 7.5 The Need for More Translational Medical Research
  • 7.6 Translational Medical Research and the Development of Orphan Drugs
  • 7.7 From Rare Disorders to Common Disorders
  • 7.8 Target-Based Drug Development—Aquaporins
  • 7.9 Training of Investigators for Translational Medical Research
  • 7.10 Collaboration Between Academia and the Pharmaceutical Industry
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 8. Clinical Research
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 The Research Process—Important Steps
  • 8.3 Controlled Clinical Trials
  • 8.4 Drug Development
  • 8.5 Clinical Trial Protocol
  • 8.6 Trial Designs
  • 8.7 Target Population
  • 8.8 Historical Controls
  • 8.9 Randomization
  • 8.10 Blinding
  • 8.11 Choice of Endpoints
  • 8.12 Sample Size Estimation
  • 8.13 Statistical Analysis
  • 8.14 Personalized Medicine
  • 8.15 Noninferiority Trials
  • 8.16 Sources and Control of Bias
  • 8.17 Generalization of Trial Results
  • 8.18 Regulatory Issues
  • Questions to Discuss
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Chapter 9. Epidemiology
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 The Definition of Epidemiology
  • 9.3 The Role of Epidemiology
  • 9.4 Target Population, Source Population, and Study Sample
  • 9.5 Disease Occurrence, Risk, Association, Importance, and Implication
  • 9.6 Epidemiological Study Designs
  • 9.7 Effect Measures in Epidemiological Studies
  • 9.8 Experimental Studies and Randomized Control Trials
  • 9.9 Types and Sources of Error
  • 9.10 Tests and Validity
  • 9.11 Causes of Disease
  • 9.12 Association Versus Causal Relationship
  • 9.13 Causal Calculus
  • Acknowledgments
  • Question to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 10. Qualitative Research Methods
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 What is Qualitative Research?
  • 10.3 Doing Qualitative Research
  • 10.4 What is Qualitative Interviewing?
  • 10.5 Doing Qualitative Interviewing
  • 10.6 What is Participant Observation?
  • 10.7 Doing Participant Observation
  • 10.8 Qualitative Data Analysis
  • 10.9 Making Insights Portable and Applicable
  • 10.10 The Quality of Qualitative Research
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 11. Statistical Inference
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Effect Estimate, Confidence Interval, and P-Value
  • 11.3 Two Binomial Samples
  • 11.4 Measures of Association in 2×2 Contingency Tables
  • 11.5 Statistical Tests for Comparing Two Proportions
  • 11.6 Normal Distribution
  • 11.7 Comparison of Means
  • 11.8 Nonparametric Methods
  • 11.9 Linear Regression Analysis
  • 11.10 Logistic Regression
  • 11.11 Median Regression
  • 11.12 Poisson Regression
  • 11.13 Survival Analysis and Cox Regression
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
• Chapter 12. Evidence-Based Medicine and Systematic Reviews
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 The Five Elements of EBM
  • 12.3 Introduction to Systematic Reviews
  • 12.4 The Research Question
  • 12.5 Search Strategy
  • 12.6 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria and the Selection of Primary Studies
  • 12.7 Data Extraction from Included Studies
  • 12.8 Study Characteristics
  • 12.9 Methods to Assess Risk of Bias (Internal Validity) in the Included Studies
  • 12.10 Methods to Estimate the Common Effect
  • 12.11 Methods to Assess Heterogeneity
  • 12.12 Methods to Assess Publication Bias
  • 12.13 Additional Analyses
  • 12.14 Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 13. Scientific Communication
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Scientific Papers
  • 13.3 General Guidelines for Tables and Figures (Graphs)
  • 13.4 The Finish
  • 13.5 Posters
  • 13.6 Some Final Points and Caveats
  • Questions to Discuss
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 14. Successful Lecturing
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Preparing the Lecture
  • 14.3 Lecture Content and Form
  • 14.4 Lecture Manuscript
  • 14.5 Delivering a Lecture
  • Questions to Discuss
  • Acknowledgments
  • Further Reading
• Chapter 15. Guide to Grant Applications
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Getting Started
  • 15.3 The Postdoctoral Fellow and the Junior Scientist
  • 15.4 What Goes into a Successful Grant Application?
  • 15.5 Investigator-Initiated R01 NIH Grants
  • 15.6 Multiproject Grants
  • 15.7 Horizon 2020
  • 15.8 International Research Collaborations
  • 15.9 Summary and Perspective
  • Acknowledgements
  • Questions to Discuss
  • References
• Index

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