Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Table of Contents
• Detailed Table of Contents
• Preface
• Guided tour
• Connect Psychology
• Acknowledgements
• About the authors
• 1 The science of psychology
  • The nature of psychology
    • Think critically
    • Fake news
    • Social constructivism
    • Psychology as a basic and applied science
    • The goals of psychology
    • Psychology’s broad scope: a levels-of-analysis framework
  • Perspectives on behaviour
    • Psychology’s roots
    • Early schools: structuralism and functionalism
    • The psychodynamic perspective: the forces within
    • The behavioural perspective: the power of the environment
    • The humanistic perspective: self-actualization and positive psychology
    • The cognitive perspective: the thinking human
    • The sociocultural perspective: the embedded human
    • Current issues Community psychology
    • Behaviour genetics
    • Research close-up Do owners look like their dogs?
    • The biological perspective: the brain, genes and evolution
    • A ‘levels-of-analysis’ view – integrating the perspectives
    • An example: understanding depression
    • Summary of major themes
  • Psychology today
    • A global science and profession
    • Psychology and public policy
    • Current issues in psychology
    • The bigger picture
    • Psychology and your life
    • Applying psychological science How to enhance your academic performance
    • Psychology at work
    • Psychology at work An interview with Emma young, science and health journalist
• 2 Studying behaviour scientifically
  • Scientific principles in psychology
    • Scientific attitudes
    • Psychology at work An interview with Mareille de bloois, authority for consumers and markets (acm), the netherlands
    • Gathering evidence: steps in the scientific process
    • Two approaches to understanding behaviour
    • Defining and measuring variables
  • Ethical principles in research
    • Ethical standards in human research
    • Ethical standards in animal research
    • Current issues Where we can’t trust the data, we can’t trust the subject
  • Methods of research
    • Descriptive research: recording events
    • Correlational research: measuring associations between events
    • Research close-up Seasonal affective disorder
    • Experiments: examining cause and effect
    • Qualitative research
    • Mixed-methods design
  • Threats to the validity of research
    • Confounding of variables
    • Demand characteristics
    • Placebo effects
    • Experimenter expectancy effects
    • Replicating and generalizing the findings
    • The bigger picture
    • Science, psychics and the paranormal
  • Analysing and interpreting data
    • Current issues Consuming statistics
    • Using statistics to describe data
    • Using statistics to make inferences
    • Meta-analysis: combining the results of many studies
  • Critical thinking in science and everyday life
    • Applying psychological science Evaluating claims in research and everyday life
• 3 Evolution, genes, environment and behaviour
  • Evolution by natural selection
    • Natural selection
  • Mendelian genetics
    • Eugenics
    • Genes and chromosomes
  • Inherited behavioural adaptations
    • Ethology
  • Behavioural genetics
    • Types of studies in behavioural genetics
    • Genes, environment and intelligence
    • Psychology at work An interview with Dr caroline richards, clinical psychologist
    • Genes, environment and personality
  • Gene–environment interactions
  • Gene–environment correlation
  • Genetic manipulation and control
    • Current issues To know or not to know: genetic screening
    • Genetic screening
  • Evolution and human nature
    • For the good of the gene
    • Evolutionary approaches to human mate choice
    • Applying psychological science Happiness promotes our social relationships
    • Research close-up Sex differences in the ideal mate: evolution or social roles?
    • Evolutionary approaches to personality
    • The bigger picture
• 4 The brain and behaviour
  • The nervous system
    • The peripheral nervous system
    • The central nervous system
  • Neurons
    • The electrical activity of neurons
  • How neurons communicate: synaptic transmission
    • Neurotransmitters
    • Specialized transmitter systems
    • Applying psychological science Understanding how drugs affect your brain
  • Unlocking the secrets of the brain
    • Neuropsychology
    • Electrical recording
    • Brain imaging
    • Psychology at work An interview with Adam partridge, brain stimulation lab manager at cubric
    • Brain stimulation
    • Current issues Brain or machine?
  • The hierarchical brain: structures and behavioural functions
    • The hindbrain
    • The midbrain
    • The forebrain
    • Research close-up Inside the brain of a psychopath
    • Hemispheric lateralization: the left and right brains
    • The split brain: dividing the hemispheres
  • The nervous system interacts with the endocrine and immune systems
    • Interactions with the endocrine system
    • Interactions involving the immune system
  • Plasticity in the brain: the role of experience and the recovery of function
    • How experience changes the brain
    • The bigger picture
• 5 Sensation and perception
  • Sensory processes
    • Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold
    • Signal detection theory
    • The difference threshold
    • Sensory adaptation
  • The sensory systems
    • Vision
    • Hearing
    • Taste and smell: the chemical senses
    • Touch: sensing the skin and the body
    • Applying psychological science Sensory prosthetics
    • Multisensory processing
    • The multisensory brain
    • Research close-up Illusory visual completion of an object can make your finger feel shorter
  • Perception: the creation of experience
    • Bottom-up and top-down perceptual processing
    • Perceptions have organization and structure
    • Perceptions as predictions or hypotheses
    • Current issues How do we perceive material properties: insights from deep neural networks
    • Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses
    • Research close-up Stalking a deadly illusion
  • Perception of the physical and social world
    • Object constancy
    • Depth and distance perception
    • Psychology at work An interview with Dr nick humes, architectural consultant
    • Perception of movement
    • Face perception
  • Experience, critical periods and perceptual development
    • Cross-cultural research in perception
    • The bigger picture
    • Critical periods: the role of early experience
    • Restored sensory capacity
• 6 Consciousness
  • The puzzle of consciousness
    • Characteristics of consciousness
    • Measuring states of consciousness
    • Levels of consciousness
    • Unconscious perception and influence
    • Why do we have consciousness?
    • The neural basis of consciousness
  • Attention
    • Focused attention
    • Divided attention
    • Inattention and change blindness
  • Circadian rhythms: our daily biological clocks
    • Keeping time: brain and environment
    • Environmental disruptions of circadian rhythms
    • Applying psychological science Outsmarting jet lag, night-work disruptions and winter depression
  • Sleep and dreaming
    • Stages of sleep
    • Getting a good night’s sleep: from brain to culture
    • How much do we sleep?
    • Why do we sleep?
    • Sleep disorders
    • The nature of dreams
    • Daydreams and waking fantasies
    • Current issues Lucid dreaming
  • Drug-induced states
    • Drugs and the brain
    • Drug tolerance and dependence
    • Depressants
    • Research close-up (Alcohol + driving) = an accident waiting to happen
    • Stimulants
    • Opiates
    • The bigger picture
    • Hallucinogens
    • Marijuana
    • Psychology at work An interview with Adam whitehouse, team leader, dyfed drug and alcohol services (ddas)
    • From genes to culture: determinants of drug effects
  • Hypnosis
    • The scientific study of hypnosis
    • Hypnotic behaviours and experiences
    • Theories of hypnosis
    • The hypnotized brain
• 7 Learning: the role of experience
  • Adapting to the environment
    • Habituation and sensitization
  • Classical conditioning: associating one stimulus with another
    • Pavlov’s pioneering research
    • Basic principles
    • Applications of classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning: learning through consequences
    • Thorndike’s law of effect
    • Skinner’s analysis of operant conditioning
    • Antecedent conditions and consequences
    • Shaping and chaining: taking one step at a time
    • Generalization and discrimination
    • Schedules of reinforcement
    • Escape and avoidance conditioning
    • Applications of operant conditioning
    • Applying psychological science Using operant principles to modify your behaviour
  • Challenges to behaviourism
    • Biological constraints: evolution and preparedness
    • Cognition and conditioning
    • Cognitive and behavioural learning in psychological therapies
  • Observational learning: when others show the way
    • Psychology at work An interview with Rachel browning, speech and language therapist
    • Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
    • Current issues Imitation: babies’ brains respond to watching others’ actions
    • Applications of observational learning
    • Research close-up With a little help from their peers: the impact of classmates on adolescents’ development of prosocial behavior
    • Current issues Applications of observational learning in neurorehabilitation
  • The adaptive brain
    • Learning through connections
    • Where does learning happen in the brain?
    • The bigger picture
• 8 Memory
  • Memory as information processing
    • A three-stage model
  • Encoding: entering information
    • Effortful and automatic processing
    • Levels of processing: when deeper is better
    • Exposure and rehearsal
    • Organization and imagery
    • How prior knowledge shapes encoding
    • Encoding and exceptional memory
  • Storage: retaining information
    • Memory as a network
    • Types of long-term memory
  • Retrieval: accessing information
    • The value of multiple cues
    • The value of distinctiveness
    • Arousal, emotion and memory
    • Flashbulb memories: fogging up the picture?
    • Confidence and memory accuracy
    • The effects of context, state and mood on memory
    • Applying psychological science Improving memory and academic learning
  • Forgetting
    • The course of forgetting
    • Why do we forget?
    • Forgetting to do things: prospective memory
    • Amnesia
  • Memory as a constructive process
    • Research close-up Metamemory: can children predict how good their memory will be?
    • Memory distortion and schemas
    • Misinformation effects and eyewitness testimony
    • The child as eyewitness
    • Current issues The recovered or false memory controversy
    • False confessions
    • Culture and memory construction
  • Memory and the brain
    • Where are memories formed and stored?
    • Psychology at work An interview with Tamsin keyes, publications and research manager at headway – the brain injury association
    • How are memories formed?
    • The bigger picture
• 9 Language and thinking
  • Language
    • Adaptive functions of language
    • Properties of language
    • The structure of language
    • Understanding and producing language
    • Research close-up The role of context in reading: evidence from reading times
    • Acquiring a first language
    • Bilingualism and multilingualism
    • Psychology at work An interview with Talat chaudhri, multilingual deputy mayor of aberystwyth in wales
    • Linguistic influences on thinking
    • The bigger picture
  • Thinking
    • Thought, brain and mind
    • Concepts and propositions
    • Reasoning
    • Current issues What does it mean to be rational?
    • Problem-solving and decision-making
    • Applying psychological science Guidelines for creative problem-solving
    • Knowledge, expertise and wisdom
    • Mental imagery
    • Metacognition: knowing your own cognitive abilities
    • Research close-up ‘Why did i get that wrong?’ Improving college students’ awareness of whether they understand text material
    • The bigger picture
• 10 Intelligence
  • Intelligence in historical perspective
    • Sir francis galton: quantifying mental ability
    • Alfred binet’s mental tests
    • Binet’s legacy: an intelligence-testing industry emerges
  • The nature of intelligence
    • The psychometric approach: the structure of intellect
    • Psychology at work An interview with Nicola tatham, director of product solutions at sova assessment ltd
    • Cognitive process approaches: the nature of intelligent thinking
    • Broader conceptions of intelligence: beyond mental competencies
  • The measurement of intelligence
    • Increasing the informational yield from intelligence tests
    • Theory-based intelligence tests
    • Should we test for aptitude or achievement?
    • Psychometric standards for intelligence tests
    • Assessing intelligence across the world
  • Heredity, environment and intelligence
    • Research close-up Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ?
    • Applying psychological science Early-childhood interventions: a means of boosting intelligence?
  • Group differences in intelligence
    • Sex differences in cognitive abilities
    • Other group differences in cognitive abilities
    • Current issues The bell curve controversy
    • Beliefs, expectations and cognitive performance
    • The bigger picture
  • Extremes of intelligence
    • The intellectually gifted
    • Learning disability
    • A concluding thought
• 11 Lifespan development i: physical and cognitive development
  • The scope of developmental psychology
    • Linking social and cognitive development
  • Major issues and methods in developmental psychology
  • Prenatal development
    • Genetics and epigenetics
    • Threats to prenatal development
  • Infancy and childhood
    • The world of the newborn
    • Research close-up The development of face discrimination in the first year of life
    • The developing brain and body
    • Current issues What is the role of the brain in development?
    • Cognitive development
    • Applying psychological science Applying principles from cognitive development to produce better educational techniques
    • Psychology at work An interview with Dr emily prince, educational psychologist
  • Adolescence, adulthood and old age
    • Biological changes
    • Cognitive changes
    • The bigger picture
• 12 Lifespan development ii: social and emotional development
  • Infancy and early childhood
    • Newborn emotions and emotional development
    • Personality development
    • Social development and attachment
    • Applying psychological science Understanding the effects of childcare on social-emotional development
    • Moral development
    • Current issues Are we born prosocial?
  • Adolescence, adulthood and old age
    • Social-emotional development in adolescence
    • Psychology at work An interview with vicki yadav, assistant head teacher in a london primary school and founder of primary steps
    • Social-emotional development in adulthood
    • Research close-up What does it take to become an adult?
    • Social-emotional development in old age
    • The bigger picture
• 13 Motivation and emotion
  • Motivation
    • Theories of motivation
    • Hunger motivation
    • The bigger picture
    • Eating disorders
    • Current issues What causes anorexia?
    • Sexual motivation
    • Social motivation
    • Achievement motivation
    • Psychology at work An interview with Jeremy snape, sport psychologist
  • Emotion
    • Thinking about emotion
    • The nature of emotions
    • Theories of emotion
    • Research close-up Cognition–arousal relations: two classic experiments
    • Cognitive theories of emotion
    • Happiness
    • Applying psychological science Being happy: guidelines from psychological research
    • The bigger picture
• 14 Personality
  • What is personality?
  • The psychodynamic perspective
    • Freud’s psychodynamic theory
    • Neoanalytic and object relations approaches
    • Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
    • Research close-up Attachment style and abusive romantic relationships
  • The phenomenological-humanistic perspective
    • George kelly’s personal construct theory
    • Carl rogers’s theory of the self
    • Research on the self
    • Evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach
  • Mapping the structure of personality
    • Types and traits of personality
    • Lexical and factor analytic approaches
    • Stability of personality traits
    • Current issues How many personality factors are there?
    • Evaluating the trait approach
  • Biological foundations of personality
    • Genetics and personality
    • Personality and the nervous system
    • Evaluating the biological approach
  • Behavioural and social-cognitive theories
    • Rotter: expectancy, reinforcement value and locus of control
    • Albert bandura: social learning and self-efficacy
    • Applying psychological science Increasing self-efficacy through systematic goal setting
    • Mischel and shoda’s cognitive-affective personality system
    • Reconciling personality coherence with behavioural inconsistency
    • Evaluating social-cognitive theories
    • The bigger picture
  • Culture, gender and personality
    • Culture differences
    • Gender differences
  • Personality assessment
    • Interviews
    • Behavioural assessment
    • Experience sampling
    • Personality scales
    • Psychology at work An interview with Caoimhe mcanena, forensic psychologist
    • Projective tests
• 15 Social thinking and behaviour
  • Social thinking
    • Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour
    • Forming and maintaining impressions
    • Psychology at work An interview with Jenny packwood, head of brand engagement, kfc (kentucky fried chicken)
    • Self-concept
    • Attitudes and attitude change
  • Social influence and behaviour in groups
    • The mere presence of others
    • Compliance
    • Research close-up The dilemma of obedience: when conscience confronts malevolent authority
    • Social influence in groups
    • Behaviour in groups
  • Social relations: intergroup dynamics
    • Understanding intergroup relations
    • Prejudice and discrimination
  • Social relations: interpersonal dynamics
    • Attraction: liking and loving others
    • Prosocial behaviour: helping others
    • Applying psychological science Making close relationships work: lessons from psychological research
    • Current issues Does pure altruism exist?
    • Aggression: harming others
    • The bigger picture
• 16 Health psychology: adjusting to life
  • Stress and well-being
    • Stressors
    • The stress response: a mind–body link
    • Effects of stress on well-being
    • Psychology at work An interview with Defne yener, organizational development consultant
    • Factors that influence stress–health relations
    • The bigger picture
  • Coping with stress
    • Effectiveness of coping strategies
    • Stress-management training
  • Pain and pain management
    • Biological mechanisms of pain
    • Psychological influences on pain
    • Applying psychological science Psychological techniques for controlling pain and suffering
  • Health promotion and illness prevention
    • Research close-up The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation
    • How people change: health behaviour theories
    • Health-enhancing behaviours
    • Health-threatening behaviours
    • Maintaining positive behaviour change
    • Current issues Public health messages and stigma
    • A concluding thought
• 17 Psychological disorders
  • Historical perspectives on deviant behaviour
  • Defining and classifying psychological disorders
    • What is ‘abnormal’?
    • Diagnosing psychological disorders
    • Consequences of diagnostic labelling
  • Anxiety disorders
    • Phobic disorder
    • Generalized anxiety disorder
    • Panic disorder
    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Causal factors in anxiety disorders
  • Somatoform and dissociative disorders: anxiety inferred
    • Somatoform disorders: somatic symptom disorders
    • Dissociative disorders
  • Mood disorders
    • Depression
    • Bipolar disorder
    • Prevalence and course of mood disorders
    • Causal factors in mood disorders
    • Applying psychological science Understanding and preventing suicide
  • Schizophrenia
    • Characteristics of schizophrenia
    • Causal factors in schizophrenia
  • Personality disorders
    • The bigger picture
    • Antisocial personality disorder
    • Research close-up Fear, avoidance learning and psychopathy
    • Borderline personality disorder
  • Childhood disorders
    • Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • Current issues The drugs don’t work – or do they?
    • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
    • Psychology at work An interview with professor phil beaman, experimental cognitive psychologist
    • A concluding thought
• 18 Treatment of psychological disorders
  • Psychological treatments
    • Professional bodies and organizations
  • Psychodynamic therapies
    • Psychoanalysis
    • Brief psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies
    • Object relations theory
  • Humanistic psychotherapies
    • Client-centred therapy
    • Gestalt therapy
  • Cognitive therapies
    • Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy
    • Psychology at work An interview with Windy dryden, leading rational-emotive cognitive behaviour therapy (recbt) therapist
    • Beck’s cognitive therapy
  • Behaviour therapies
    • Exposure: an extinction approach
    • Research close-up Building bravemind vietnam: user-centered design for virtual reality exposure therapy
    • Systematic desensitization: a counter-conditioning approach
    • Applying psychological science Exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Aversion therapy
    • Operant conditioning treatments
    • Modelling and social skills training
  • Group, family and marital therapies
    • Family therapy
    • Marital therapy
  • Cultural and gender issues in psychotherapy
    • Cultural factors in treatment utilization
    • The bigger picture
    • Gender issues in therapy
  • Evaluating psychotherapies
    • Eysenck’s great challenge
    • Current issues Regression to the mean
    • Psychotherapy research methods
    • Factors affecting the outcome of therapy
  • Biological approaches to treatment
    • Drug therapies
    • Do antidepressant drugs work?
    • Electroconvulsive therapy
    • Psychosurgery
    • Mind, body and therapeutic interventions
  • Psychological disorders and society
    • Deinstitutionalization
    • Mental health treatment in a managed health-care environment
    • Preventative mental health
    • A concluding thought
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu