Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and a Science
Námskeið GSL301G Röntgenbúnaður I - Höfundar: Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna Balac
5.390 kr.
Námskeið
- GSL301G Röntgenbúnaður I
Lýsing:
Fascinated by X-rays and medical imaging technology? Drawn to work that helps others? PRINCIPLES OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING: AN ART AND A SCIENCE, 6th Edition reveals the inner workings of radiography careers, including radiologist assistants, radiologic technologists, ultrasound techs, CT and MRI techs, and other imaging roles in health care. Some books dump too much on you too fast, but this one moves at your pace, delivering the math and physics behind radiology before advancing to complex subjects.
Annað
- Höfundur: Richard Carlton
- Útgáfa:6
- Útgáfudagur: 2019-01-03
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9798214351230
- Print ISBN: 9781337711067
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Contributors
- The Founders of Radiography
- Foreword
- Preface
- About the Authors
- Acknowledgments
- Unit I. Creating the Beam
- Chapter 1. Basic Mathematics
- The Language of Science
- Arithmetic
- Fractions
- Decimals
- Computation with Values (Numbers)
- Powers of 10
- Scientific Notation
- Dimensional Analysis
- Algebra
- Signed Numbers
- Order of Operation
- Rules for Order of Operation
- Algebraic Expressions
- Laws of Exponents
- Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
- Equations
- Variation
- Units of Measurement
- SI Units
- Fundamental Units
- Prefixes
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 2. Radiation Concepts
- Matter and Energy
- Matter
- Energy
- Atomic Theory
- Historical Overview
- Basic Atomic Particles
- Atomic Mass
- Orbital Electrons
- The Periodic Table
- Types of Energy
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Heat
- Electrical
- Nuclear
- Electromagnetic
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Wave Theory
- Particle Theory
- The Discovery of X-Rays
- X-Ray Properties
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Matter and Energy
- Chapter 3. Electricity
- Understanding Electricity
- Electrostatics
- Laws of Electrostatics
- Electrification
- Electrodynamics
- Describing Current Flow
- Current
- Potential Difference
- Resistance
- Ohm’s Law
- Series and Parallel Circuits
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 4. Electromagnetism
- Magnetism
- Magnetic Induction
- Magnetic Classification of Materials
- Electromagnetism
- Solenoids and Electromagnets
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Generators
- Motors
- Controlling Electrical Current
- Transformers
- Autotransformers
- Capacitors
- Rectification
- Half-Wave Rectification
- Full-Wave Rectification
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Magnetism
- Chapter 5. The X-Ray Tube
- The X-Ray Tube
- The Cathode Assembly
- The Filament
- The Focusing Cup
- The Anode Assembly
- The Anode
- The Stator
- The Rotor
- The Envelope
- Envelope Construction
- The Vacuum
- Protective Housing
- Control of Leakage Radiation and Scatter Radiation
- High-Voltage Isolation and Tube Cooling
- Off-Focus Radiation
- Rating Charts and Cooling Curves
- Recommendations for Extending Tube Life
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 6. X-Ray Equipment
- Types of X-Ray Equipment
- Tables
- Tube Supports
- Upright Units
- Other Specialized Diagnostic Equipment
- Power for X-Ray Generation
- Incoming-Line Current
- Single-Phase Power
- Multiphase Power
- A Basic X-Ray Circuit
- The Main X-Ray Circuit
- The Exposure Switch
- The Timer Circuit
- The Filament Circuit
- Generators
- Single-Phase Generators
- Multiphase Generators
- High Frequency
- Capacitor Discharge Mobile Units
- Battery-Operated Mobile Units
- Automatic Exposure Controls
- Ionization Chambers
- Minimum Reaction Time
- Backup Time
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Types of X-Ray Equipment
- Chapter 7. Automatic Exposure Controls
- Ionization Chambers
- Determining Configurations
- Controlling Configurations
- Density Controls
- Exposure Technique Charts
- Positioning Skills
- Subject Density and Contrast Problems
- Collimation
- Timing Problems
- Anatomically Programmed Radiography
- Creative Positioning
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Ionization Chambers
- Chapter 8. X-Ray Production
- Conditions
- Target Interactions
- Heat Production
- Bremsstrahlung Interactions
- Characteristic Interactions
- Emission Spectrum
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 1. Basic Mathematics
- Chapter 9. Radiation Protection Concepts and Equipment
- The Basics of Radiation Protection Principles and Practice
- The Nature of Ionizing Radiation
- Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
- Sources and Magnitude of Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Quantities and Units Relevant to Radiation Protection
- Exposure
- Absorbed Dose
- Kerma/Air Kerma
- Integral Dose
- Equivalent Dose
- Effective Dose
- Activity
- Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation
- Field Survey Instruments
- Personnel Monitoring Devices
- Dosimetry Reporting
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- The Basics of Radiation Protection Principles and Practice
- Chapter 10. Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel
- Advisory Groups and Regulatory Agencies
- Limiting Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
- Dose Limits
- Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
- Maintaining Exposure as Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
- Protection of Personnel
- Principles of Personnel Exposure Reduction
- Protective Barriers
- Protective Devices
- Protection of the Patient
- Beam Limitation
- Technique Selection
- Filtration
- Grids
- Gonadal Shielding
- Image Receptors
- Projection
- Repeat Images
- Patient Exposure Estimates
- Equipment
- Radiation Exposure and Pregnancy
- Pregnant Radiation Worker Exposure Standards
- ALARA and Pregnancies
- The Pregnant Patient
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 11. Filtration
- Filtration
- Measurement
- Types of Filtration
- Inherent Filtration
- Added Filtration
- Compound Filtration
- Compensation Filtration
- Total Filtration
- Effect on Output
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 12. The Prime Factors
- The Prime Factors
- Milliamperage-Second
- Image Receptor (IR) Exposure Relationship to mAs
- Kilovoltage
- IR Exposure Relationship to kVp
- Distance
- IR Exposure Relationship to Distance
- Image Quality Factors
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 13. X-Ray Interactions
- X-Ray Interaction with Matter
- Photoelectric Absorption
- Coherent Scattering
- Compton Scattering
- Pair Production
- Photodisintegration
- Effect on Technical Factor Selection
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 14. Minimizing Patient Exposure
- Choosing Exposure Factors
- Estimating Approximate Entrance Skin Exposure
- Diagnostic Radiography mR/mAs Charts
- Fluoroscopic R/min Charts
- Typical Entrance Skin Exposure
- Reducing Patient Dose with Communication
- Reducing Patient Dose with Positioning
- Radiographic Projection
- Immobilization
- Reducing Patient Dose with Technical Factors
- Interrelationship of the Prime Factors
- Kilovoltage Range
- Milliamperage and Time
- Distance
- Focal Spot Size
- Filtration
- Field Size
- Gonad Shielding
- Subject Part Density
- Grids
- Film-Screen Image Receptor System
- Digital Image Receptor Systems
- Discussing Radiation Risk versus Benefit with Patients
- Minimizing Patient Dose by Emphasizing Risk
- Maximizing Diagnostic Information by Emphasizing Benefit
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 15. Beam Restriction
- Controlling Scatter
- Kilovoltage
- Irradiated Material
- Beam Restrictors
- Collimator
- Aperture Diaphragm and Cones/Cylinders
- Ancillary Devices
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Controlling Scatter
- Chapter 16. Vision and Perception
- Image Perception
- Visual Anatomy
- Visual Physiology
- Rod and Cone Cells
- Photopic Vision
- Scotopic Vision
- Inefficiency of the Medical Imaging Process
- Threshold Detection
- Pattern Recognition
- Controlling the Image in Space
- Thinking Three-Dimensionally
- Radiography as an Art Form
- Artistic Radiography
- Nondestructive Testing
- Biological Research
- Veterinary Radiography
- Forensic Radiography
- Art Restoration
- Archaeological Radiography
- Poetry
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Image Perception
- Chapter 17. The Patient as a Beam Emitter
- Attenuation
- The Human Body as an Attenuator
- Air
- Fat
- Muscle
- Bone
- The Patient’s Relationship to Image Quality
- Subject Density
- Subject Contrast
- Subject Detail
- Subject Distortion
- Pathology and Radiation Absorption
- Increased Attenuation (Additive) Conditions
- Conditions Affecting Multiple Systems
- Conditions of the Chest
- Conditions of the Abdomen
- Conditions of the Extremities and Skull
- Decreased Attenuation (Destructive) Conditions
- Conditions Affecting Multiple Sites
- Conditions of the Chest
- Conditions of the Abdomen
- Conditions of the Extremities and Skull
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 18. The Grid
- Purpose of the Grid
- Grid Construction
- Grid Materials
- Grid Ratio
- Grid Frequency
- Grid Patterns
- Grid Types
- Grid Uses
- Grid Selection/Conversions
- Grid Performance Evaluation
- Selectivity
- Contrast Improvement Ability
- Grid Errors
- Off-Level
- Off-Center
- Off-Focus
- Upside-Down
- The Moire Effect
- An Alternate Scatter Reduction Method— The Air-Gap Technique
- Use of Grids with Digital Image Receptors
- Grid Replacement Software
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 19. Film and Screens Imaging and Processing
- Radiographic Film
- Construction of Radiographic Film
- Base
- Adhesive
- Emulsion
- Supercoat
- Manufacturing
- Latent Image Formation
- Types of Film
- Intensifying-Screen Film
- Film Storage and Handling
- Basic Storage and Handling
- Film Identification
- Film Processing
- Developing
- Reducing Agents
- Activator
- Restrainer
- Preservative
- Hardener
- Solvent
- Contamination
- Fixing
- Clearing Agent
- Activator
- Preservative
- Hardener
- Solvent
- Depletion
- Archiving
- Washing and Drying
- Storage
- Automatic Processing
- Darkroom
- Safelights
- Pass Box
- Silver Recovery Systems
- Film
- Sensitometry
- Sensitometric Equipment
- Penetrometer
- Sensitometer
- Densitometer
- The D Log E Curve
- Film Characteristics
- Resolution
- Speed
- Contrast
- Latitude
- Construction of Intensifying Screens
- Base
- Reflective Layer
- Phosphor Layer
- Protective Coat
- Phosphors
- Atomic Number
- Conversion Efficiency
- Spectral Emission
- Luminescence
- Rare Earths
- Characteristics of Intensifying Screens
- Resolution
- Speed
- Contrast and Latitude
- Cassettes and Holders
- Characteristics
- Care
- Loading and Storage
- Cleaning
- Artifacts
- Film-Screen Combinations
- Emission Spectra
- Characteristics of Film-Screen Combinations
- Speed
- Resolution
- Contrast
- Latitude
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 20. Digital Image Processing
- Historical Development
- Digital Image Formation
- Digital Image Characteristics
- Spatial Domains
- Image Processing Operations
- Point Processing Operations
- Local Processing Operations
- Geometric Processing Operations
- Digital Image Quality
- Spatial Resolution
- Noise
- Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
- Receptor Exposure
- Exposure Indicators
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 21. Computed Radiography
- Overview
- Image Acquisition
- Photostimulable Imaging Plates Characteristics
- Latent Image Production
- Reading CR Data
- Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
- Image Processing
- Pre-processing
- Post-Processing
- Image Display
- CR Technical Factors Selection
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 22. Digital Radiography/Flat-Panel Detector Systems
- Flat-Panel Detector Types
- Indirect Detectors
- Direct Detectors
- Image Acquisition, Processing, and Display
- Flat-Panel Technology Features
- Auto-Detection Panel Technology
- DR Panel Precautions
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Flat-Panel Detector Types
- Chapter 23. Technical Considerations in Digital Imaging
- Effective Use of Digital Imaging
- Digital Exposure Considerations
- Total Exposure to Detector
- Digital Exposure Technique Systems
- Correcting Unacceptable DI Numbers
- Impact of Exposure Factors on Image Quality
- Grid Considerations
- Digital Processing Considerations
- Digital Post-Processing Considerations
- Electronic Masking/Shuttering
- Electronic Image Annotation
- Digital Imaging Artifacts
- Low-Contrast Resolution and Artifacts
- Data Drop Artifact and Correction Methods
- Digital Artifact Types
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Readings
- Chapter 24. Informatics in Medical Imaging
- Introduction
- Informatics
- Informatics Standards
- The DICOM Standard
- Other Standards
- Computers and Networks
- Display and Archives
- Image Acquisition
- Image Display
- Storage
- Compression
- Workflow
- Security
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Readings
- Chapter 25. The Imaging Process
- The Imaging Process
- Image Acquisition
- Image Processing
- Image Archiving
- Image Display
- Image Analysis
- Professional Imaging Standards
- The Pyramid Problem
- The Analytical Process
- Diagnosing and Treating the Image
- The Diagnostic Process
- Acceptance Limits
- Graphing Acceptance Limits
- Striving for Perfection
- Factors Affecting Acceptance Limit Curves
- Practical Considerations
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Readings
- The Imaging Process
- Chapter 26. Image Receptor Exposure
- Defining IR Exposure
- Assessing IR Exposure
- Effects on Image Appearance
- Factors Affecting IR Exposure
- Milliampere-Seconds
- Kilovoltage
- Other Influencing Factors
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 27. Contrast
- Defining Contrast
- Assessing Contrast
- Describing Contrast
- Manipulating Contrast
- Image Contrast
- Image Receptor Contrast
- Subject Contrast
- Evaluating Contrast
- Selecting the Appropriate kVp
- Factors Affecting Contrast
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 28. Spatial Resolution
- Defining Spatial Resolution
- Assessing Resolution
- Spread Function.
- Low-Contrast Resolution and Temporal Resolution
- Digital Sampling (Nyquist Criterion) and Aliasing
- Effects on Image Appearance
- Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution
- Geometry
- Image Receptor
- Motion
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 29. Distortion
- Defining Distortion
- Assessing Distortion
- Factors Affecting Size Distortion
- Source-to-Image-Receptor Distance
- Object-to-Image-Receptor Distance
- Calculating Size Distortion
- Factors Affecting Shape Distortion
- Alignment
- Angulation
- Direction
- Evaluating Shape Distortion
- Effect on Image Appearance
- Size
- Shape
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 30. The Art of Image Critique
- Implementing Imaging Standards
- The Diagnostic Image
- The Analytical Process
- Identifying an Imaging Problem
- An Effective Image Critique Method
- Classification of the Image
- Determination of the Cause of the Problem
- Recommendation of Corrective Action
- Applying the Image Critique Method
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Implementing Imaging Standards
- Chapter 31. Quality Management
- Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- Regulation and Accreditation
- Quality Assurance
- Quality Control
- Purchasing Equipment
- Identification of Imaging Requirements
- Development of Equipment Specifications
- Selection of Equipment
- Installation and Acceptance Testing of Equipment
- Continuing Education
- Monitoring Equipment Performance
- Responsibility
- Processor Monitoring
- External Beam Evaluation
- Ancillary Equipment
- Digital Radiography Image Receptors
- Display Monitors
- Film-Screen Systems
- PACS Systems
- Rejected Image Analysis
- Obtaining Data
- Analysis of Data
- Record Keeping
- Troubleshooting
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- Chapter 32. Mobile Radiography
- Mobile Radiography
- Special Patient Considerations
- Communication
- Manipulating Equipment
- Positioning and Pathology
- Special Radiation Protection Considerations
- Types of Equipment
- Special Technical Factor Selection Considerations
- Kilovoltage
- Milliampere-Seconds
- Distance
- Grids
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 33. Fluoroscopy
- Historical Development
- Fluoroscopy Uses
- Fluoroscopic Positioning Previewing
- Types of Equipment
- Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tubes
- Image Intensification Tubes
- Input Screen and Photocathode
- Electrostatic Lenses
- Anode and Output Screen
- Total Brightness Gain
- Automatic Brightness Control
- Image Quality
- Contrast
- Conventional Fluoro Resolution
- Distortion
- Quantum Mottle
- Video Viewing Systems
- Digital Fluoroscopy
- Thin Film Transistors (TFTs)
- Other Functions
- Flat-Panel Fluoroscopy Designs
- Multiple-Detector Flat-Panel Systems
- Single-Detector Flat-Panel Systems
- Recording the Fluoroscopic Image
- Mobile Fluoroscopic Equipment
- Radiation Protection During Fluoroscopy
- The Patient
- The Radiographer and Radiologist
- Others
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 34. Tomography and Digital Tomosynthesis
- The Tomographic Principle
- Tomographic Quality
- Tomographic Amplitude
- Exposure Amplitude
- Blur
- Phantoms
- Fulcrum
- Focal Plane
- Section Thickness
- Section Interval
- Types of Motion
- Digital Tomosynthesis
- Tomographic Procedures
- Exposure Factors
- Specialized Techniques
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 35. Mammography
- Historical Development
- 1900s
- 1960
- 1967
- 1971
- 1972
- 1975
- 1978
- 1985–1990
- 1991
- 1992–1994
- 1999
- 2000
- 2011
- Generator Characteristics
- kVp
- Exposure Time, mA, mAs
- Automatic Exposure Control
- X-Ray Tube
- Design
- Heel Effect
- Cathode
- Anode Configuration
- Anode Material
- Filtration
- Magnification
- Accessories
- Grids
- Compression Device
- Film-Screen Systems
- Resolution
- Digital Mammography
- Quality Control
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Historical Development
- Chapter 36. Bone Densitometry
- Bone Densitometry
- History and Overview
- Bone Science
- Osteoporosis
- WHO Diagnostic Criteria
- DXA Principles and Instrumentation
- Machine Components
- DXA Technology
- Scan Acquisition and Analysis
- Femur
- Spine
- Forearm
- Quality Control
- Radiation Safety and Protection
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 37. Vascular Imaging Equipment
- Vascular Imaging History
- Digital Image Acquisition
- Generator
- X-Ray Tube
- Flat-Panel Detector/Image Intensifier
- Image Processor
- Modes of Digital Image Acquisition
- Digital Angiography
- Digital Subtraction Angiography
- Digital Cineradiography
- Image Post-Processing
- C-arm Assembly
- Vascular Imaging Tables
- Contrast Medium Injection Devices
- Quality Control
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 38. Computed Tomography
- Computed Tomography Scanning
- The Invention of Computed Tomography
- Scanner Generations
- Helical/Spiral CT
- MSCT
- The Components of a CT Unit
- The Gantry
- Table
- X-Ray Tubes
- Detectors
- Computer
- Display Console
- CT Numbers (Hounsfield Units)
- Image Reconstruction
- Fourier Transformation and Back-Projection
- Convolution and Deconvolution
- Helical Interpolation
- Reformatting
- Image Quality
- Display Brightness and Contrast
- Resolution
- Scanning Procedures
- Section Interval and Thickness
- Exposure Factors
- Algorithms
- Scan Field of View (SFOV) Size
- Advanced CT Applications
- Artifacts
- Motion
- Metal or Star
- Beam Hardening
- Partial Volume Effect
- Ring Artifacts
- Radiation Protection
- Patient Dose and Dose Management
- Dose Modulation
- Iterative Reconstruction Techniques (IRT)
- Dose to Others
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 39. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- History
- Instrumentation
- Magnet
- Radiofrequency (RF) Subsystem
- MRI Physics
- MRI
- Critical Imaging Factors
- Image Improvement Techniques
- MR Contrast Agents
- MR Safety
- Static Magnetic Field ( B 0 )
- Gradient Magnetic Fields
- Radiofrequency Field ( B 1 )
- Device Labeling
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 40. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
- Nuclear Physics
- Nuclear Stability
- Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars, and Isomers
- Radioactive Decay
- Nuclear Instability
- Radioactivity Units
- Half-Life (T½)
- Decay Equation
- Biologic Half-Life (Tb)
- Effective Half-Life (Te)
- Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceuticals
- History and Development
- Synthesis of Radionuclides
- Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals
- Positron-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals
- Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals
- Quality Control Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Nuclear Pharmacy
- Imaging Instrumentation
- Gamma Camera
- Image Acquisition
- Data Storage
- Data Reconstruction
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- PET Scanner
- Advantages of PET over SPECT
- Hybrid Imaging
- Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Scanners
- Limitations in PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging
- Hybrid PET/MRI
- Quality Control Testing
- Nonimaging Instrumentation
- Geiger Counter
- Dose Calibrator
- Uptake Probe
- Well Counter
- Radiation Protection
- Radiobiologic Effect
- Regulation of Radioactive Materials
- Radiation Protection Principles
- NRC-Mandated Radiation Safety Procedures
- Clinical Applications
- Skeletal Imaging
- Lung Imaging
- Thyroid Studies
- Brain Imaging
- Kidney Imaging
- Hepatobiliary Studies
- Gastrointestinal Studies
- MUGA Scan
- Myocardial Perfusion Scan
- Infection and Inflammation Imaging
- Tumor Imaging
- Hybrid Imaging
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Nuclear Physics
- Chapter 41. Radiation Therapy
- Historical Overview
- Consultation
- Treatment Planning
- Simulation
- Image Fusion
- Treatment Planning Systems
- Treatment
- Image Acquisition
- Linear Accelerator
- Specialized Treatments and Units
- Stereotactic Irradiation
- Proton Therapy
- TomoTherapy®
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Chapter 42. Diagnostic Medical Sonography
- Introduction
- Historical Overview
- Orientation
- Sound Waves
- Variables of Sound Waves
- Parameters of Sound Waves
- Types of Sound Waves
- Attenuation
- Decibels (dB)
- Attenuation Coefficient
- Acoustic Impedance (AI)
- Range
- Field
- Doppler
- Harmonics
- Contrast Agents
- Transducer and Components
- Transducer Housing Components
- Types of Transducers
- Instrumentation
- Pulser
- Receiver
- Scan Converter
- Display
- Storage Media
- Summary
- Review Questions
- References and Recommended Reading
- Introduction
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 18824
- Útgáfuár : 2019
- Leyfi : 380
