Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Sixteenth Edition International Adaptation ePUB
Námskeið HJÚ108G Líffærafræði - Höfundar: Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson
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Anatomy and Physiology is a complex subject spanning many health science disciplines. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology has always been recognized for its pioneering homeostatic approach to learning the subject. This International Adaptation of the 16th edition combines exceptional content and outstanding visuals for a rich and comprehensive classroom experience and continues to set the standard for the discipline.
Annað
- Höfundar: Gerard J. Tortora , Bryan H. Derrickson
- Útgáfa:16
- Útgáfudagur: 07/2023
- Hægt að prenta út 10 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781394210183
- Print ISBN: 9781394210213
- ISBN 10: 1394210183
Efnisyfirlit
- Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- About the Authors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
- 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
- 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
- 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
- 1.4 Homeostasis
- 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology
- 1.6 Aging and Homeostasis
- 1.7 Medical Imaging
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
- 2.1 How Matter Is Organized
- 2.2 Chemical Bonds
- 2.3 Chemical Reactions
- 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
- 2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds
- 2.6 Carbohydrates
- 2.7 Lipids
- 2.8 Proteins
- 2.9 Nucleic Acids
- 2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
- 3.1 Parts of a Cell
- 3.2 The Plasma Membrane
- 3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
- 3.4 Cytoplasm
- 3.5 Nucleus
- 3.6 Protein Synthesis
- 3.7 Cell Division
- 3.8 Cellular Diversity
- 3.9 Aging and Cells
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
- 4.1 Types of Tissues
- 4.2 Cell Junctions
- 4.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
- 4.4 Epithelial Tissue
- 4.5 Connective Tissue
- 4.6 Membranes
- 4.7 Muscular Tissue
- 4.8 Nervous Tissue
- 4.9 Excitable Cells
- 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
- 4.11 Aging and Tissues
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
- 5.1 Structure of the Skin
- 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
- 5.3 Types of Skin
- 5.4 Functions of the Skin
- 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing
- 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System
- 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
- 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
- 6.2 Structure of Bone
- 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
- 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
- 6.5 Bone Formation
- 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
- 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
- 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue
- 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
- 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
- 7.2 Types of Bones
- 7.3 Bone Surface Markings
- 7.4 Skull: An Overview
- 7.5 Cranial Cavity Bones
- 7.6 Facial Bones
- 7.7 Special Features of the Skull
- 7.8 Hyoid Bone
- 7.9 Vertebral Column
- 7.10 Vertebral Regions
- 7.11 Thorax
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
- 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity)
- 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
- 8.4 Greater and Lesser Pelves
- 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
- 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity)
- 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 9: Joints
- 9.1 Joint Classification
- 9.2 Fibrous Joints
- 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
- 9.4 Synovial Joints
- 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
- 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
- 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
- 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
- 9.9 Temporomandibular Joint
- 9.10 Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint
- 9.11 Elbow Joint
- 9.12 Hip Joint
- 9.13 Knee Joint
- 9.14 Aging and Joints
- 9.15 Arthroplasty
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue
- 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
- 10.2 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- 10.4 Muscle Metabolism
- 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension
- 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue
- 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
- 10.11 Development of Muscle
- 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 11: The Muscular System
- 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
- 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
- 11.3 Overview of the Principal Skeletal Muscles
- 11.4 Muscles of the Head That Produce Facial Expressions
- 11.5 Muscles of the Head That Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids
- 11.6 Muscles That Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech
- 11.7 Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech
- 11.8 Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech
- 11.9 Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head
- 11.10 Muscles of the Abdomen That Protect Abdominal Viscera and Move the Vertebral Column
- 11.11 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing
- 11.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor That Support the Pelvic Viscera and Function as Sphincters
- 11.13 Muscles of the Perineum
- 11.14 Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle
- 11.15 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder That Move the Humerus
- 11.16 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna
- 11.17 Muscles of the Forearm That Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb, and Digits
- 11.18 Muscles of the Palm That Move the Digits—Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
- 11.19 Muscles of the Neck and Back That Move the Vertebral Column
- 11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the Femur
- 11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
- 11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and Toes
- 11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the Toes
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
- 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
- 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue
- 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview
- 12.4 Resting Membrane Potential
- 12.5 Graded Potentials
- 12.6 Action Potentials
- 12.7 Signal Transmission at Synapses
- 12.8 Neurotransmitters
- 12.9 Neural Circuits
- 12.10 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
- 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
- 13.2 Spinal Nerves
- 13.3 Cervical Plexus
- 13.4 Brachial Plexus
- 13.5 Lumbar Plexus
- 13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
- 13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
- 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply
- 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
- 14.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation
- 14.4 The Cerebellum
- 14.5 The Diencephalon
- 14.6 The Cerebrum
- 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
- 14.8 Cranial Nerves: An Overview
- 14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve
- 14.10 Optic (II) Nerve
- 14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) Nerves
- 14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve
- 14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve
- 14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
- 14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
- 14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve
- 14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve
- 14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
- 14.19 Development of the Nervous System
- 14.20 Aging and the Nervous System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
- 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
- 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- 15.4 Physiology of the ANS
- 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
- 16.1 Sensation
- 16.2 Somatic Sensations
- 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
- 16.4 Control of Body Movement
- 16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 17: The Special Senses
- 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
- 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
- 17.3 Vision: An Overview
- 17.4 Accessory Structures of the Eye
- 17.5 Anatomy of the Eyeball
- 17.6 Physiology of Vision
- 17.7 Hearing
- 17.8 Equilibrium
- 17.9 Development of the Eyes and Ears
- 17.10 Aging and the Special Senses
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
- 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- 18.2 Endocrine Glands
- 18.3 Hormone Activity
- 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion
- 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- 18.7 Thyroid Gland
- 18.8 Parathyroid Glands
- 18.9 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands
- 18.10 Pancreatic Islets
- 18.11 Ovaries and Testes
- 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus
- 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors
- 18.14 The Stress Response
- 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System
- 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
- 19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood
- 19.2 Formation of Blood Cells
- 19.3 Red Blood Cells
- 19.4 White Blood Cells
- 19.5 Platelets
- 19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
- 19.7 Hemostasis
- 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart
- 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood
- 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
- 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle
- 20.5 Cardiac Output
- 20.6 Exercise and the Heart
- 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts
- 20.8 Development of the Heart
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
- 21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
- 21.2 Capillary Exchange
- 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
- 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
- 21.5 Checking Circulation
- 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis
- 21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation
- 21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches
- 21.9 Ascending Aorta
- 21.10 The Aortic Arch
- 21.11 Thoracic Aorta
- 21.12 Abdominal Aorta
- 21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
- 21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation
- 21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck
- 21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs
- 21.17 Veins of the Thorax
- 21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
- 21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs
- 21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal Circulation
- 21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary Circulation
- 21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation
- 21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
- 21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 22: The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity
- 22.1 The Concept of Immunity
- 22.2 Overview of the Lymphoid System
- 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
- 22.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
- 22.5 Development of Lymphoid Tissues
- 22.6 Innate Immunity
- 22.7 Adaptive Immunity
- 22.8 Cell-Mediated Immunity
- 22.9 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- 22.10 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
- 22.11 Stress and Immunity
- 22.12 Aging and the Lymphoid System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 23: The Respiratory System
- 23.1 Overview of the Respiratory System
- 23.2 The Upper Respiratory System
- 23.3 The Lower Respiratory System
- 23.4 Pulmonary Ventilation
- 23.5 Lung Volumes and Capacities
- 23.6 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- 23.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- 23.8 Control of Breathing
- 23.9 Exercise and the Respiratory System
- 23.10 Development of the Respiratory System
- 23.11 Aging and the Respiratory System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 24: The Digestive System
- 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
- 24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal
- 24.3 Neural Innervation of the Digestive Canal
- 24.4 Peritoneum
- 24.5 Mouth
- 24.6 Pharynx
- 24.7 Esophagus
- 24.8 Deglutition
- 24.9 Stomach
- 24.10 Pancreas
- 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder
- 24.12 Small Intestine
- 24.13 Large Intestine
- 24.14 Phases of Digestion
- 24.15 Development of the Digestive System
- 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition
- 25.1 Metabolic Reactions
- 25.2 Energy Transfer
- 25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
- 25.4 Lipid Metabolism
- 25.5 Protein Metabolism
- 25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads
- 25.7 Metabolic Adaptations
- 25.8 Energy Balance
- 25.9 Regulation of Body Temperature
- 25.10 Nutrition
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 26: The Urinary System
- 26.1 Overview of the Urinary System
- 26.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys
- 26.3 The Nephron
- 26.4 Overview of Renal Physiology
- 26.5 Glomerular Filtration
- 26.6 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
- 26.7 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
- 26.8 Evaluation of Kidney Function
- 26.9 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
- 26.10 Waste Management in Other Body Systems
- 26.11 Development of the Urinary System
- 26.12 Aging and the Urinary System
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
- 27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis
- 27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
- 27.3 Acid–Base Balance
- 27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 28: The Genital (Reproductive) Systems
- 28.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System
- 28.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System
- 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle
- 28.4 The Human Sexual Response
- 28.5 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
- 28.6 Development of the Genital Systems
- 28.7 Aging and the Genital Systems
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance
- 29.1 Overview of Development
- 29.2 The First Two Weeks of the Embryonic Period
- 29.3 The Remaining Weeks of the Embryonic Period
- 29.4 Fetal Period
- 29.5 Teratogens
- 29.6 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
- 29.7 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy
- 29.8 Exercise and Pregnancy
- 29.9 Labor
- 29.10 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
- 29.11 The Physiology of Lactation
- 29.12 Inheritance
- Critical Thinking Questions
- Appendix A: Measurements
- Appendix B: Periodic Table
- Appendix C: Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests
- Appendix D: Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests
- Appendix E: Medical Eponyms
- Glossary
- Index
- Study Guide
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
- Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
- Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
- Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
- Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
- Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
- Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
- Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
- Chapter 9: Joints
- Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue
- Chapter 11: The Muscular System
- Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
- Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
- Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
- Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
- Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
- Chapter 17: The Special Senses
- Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
- Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
- Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
- Chapter 22: The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity
- Chapter 23: The Respiratory System
- Chapter 24: The Digestive System
- Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition
- Chapter 26: The Urinary System
- Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
- Chapter 28: The Genital (Reproductive) Systems
- Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance
- Answers
- End User License Agreement
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