Physical Chemistry
Höfundar: Ignacio Tinoco, Kenneth Sauer, James C. Wang, Joseph D. Puglisi, Gerard Harbison, David Rovnyak
10.290 kr.
Lýsing:
Introducing readers to the latest research applications, the new Fifth Edition of the bestselling Physical Chemistry: Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences puts the study of physical chemistry in context. Clear writing and the ideal level of mathematics combine for an engaging overview of the principles and applications of contemporary physical chemistry as used to solve problems in biology, biochemistry, and medicine.
Annað
- Höfundar: Ignacio Tinoco, Kenneth Sauer, James C. Wang, Joseph D. Puglisi, Gerard Harbison, David Rovnyak
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 2013-08-15
- Blaðsíður: 696
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780133557503
- Print ISBN: 9780136056065
- ISBN 10: 0133557502
Efnisyfirlit
- Physical Chemistry Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- New to This Edition
- Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Neuroscience
- The Human Genome and Beyond
- Transcription and Translation
- Ion Channels
- Single-molecule Methods
- Reference
- Physical Chemistry
- Biophysical Chemistry
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
- Physics
- Suggested Reading
- Problems
- Chapter 2 The First Law: Energy Is Conserved
- Concepts
- Applications
- Energy Conversion and Conservation
- Systems and Surroundings
- Energy Exchanges
- Work
- Work of Extending a Spring
- Work Done Against a Constant Force
- Molecular Force Microscopy
- Solution
- Work Increasing or Decreasing the Volume of a Gas
- Solution
- Friction
- Heat
- Solution
- Internal Energy
- Constant Volume Heat Capacity
- Work
- Constant Volume Heat Capacity of Diatomic Gases
- Constant Volume Heat Capacity of Monatomic Solids
- Heat Capacity of Molecular Solids and Liquids
- State and Path Variables
- Reversible Paths and Reversible Processes
- Equations of State
- Solids or Liquids
- Gases
- The Enthalpy
- The Constant Pressure Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas
- Dependence of the Energy and Enthalpy of a Pure Substance on p, V, and T
- Liquids or Solids
- Solution
- Gases
- Liquids or Solids
- Phase Changes
- Solution
- Solution
- Chemical Reactions
- Heat Effects of Chemical Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Δr H
- Standard Enthalpies of Formation
- Solution
- The Energy Change ΔE for a Reaction
- Computing Reaction Energies from First Principles
- Quantum Chemical Calculations
- Bond Energies
- Solution
- Solution
- State Variables (SI units in bold)
- Unit Conversions
- Volume
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Energy and enthalpy
- General Equations
- Energy, U
- Enthalpy, H
- Heat, q
- Work, w
- Expansion or compression of a gas
- Pressure–Volume Work Only
- Solids and Liquids
- Gases
- Phase Changes
- Chemical Reactions
- Concepts
- Applications
- Toward the Second Law: The Carnot Cycle
- A New State Function, Entropy
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Solution
- Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
- Fluctuations
- Measurement of Entropy
- Exercise 3.1
- Chemical Reactions
- Solution
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Dependence of Entropy
- Solution
- Temperature Dependence of the Entropy Change for a Chemical Reaction
- Solution
- Entropy Change for a Phase Transition
- Pressure Dependence of Entropy
- Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Entropy
- Gibbs Free Energy
- ΔG and a System’s Capacity to Do Nonexpansion Work
- Spontaneous Processes at Constant T and p
- Calculation of Gibbs Free Energy
- Solution
- Solution
- Temperature Dependence of Gibbs Free Energy
- Solution
- Pressure Dependence of Gibbs Free Energy
- Solution
- Solution
- Phase Changes
- Helmholtz Free Energy
- Noncovalent Reactions
- Hydrophobic Interactions
- Proteins and Nucleic Acids
- Use of Partial Derivatives in Thermodynamics
- Relations Among Partial Derivatives
- Solution
- Relations Among Partial Derivatives
- State Variables (SI Units in Bold)
- Unit Conversions
- Entropy
- Energy
- General Equations
- Efficiency for a Carnot-Cycle Heat Engine
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Changes in Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
- Capacity to do Nonexpansion Work
- Spontaneous Reactions at Constant T and p
- Pressure or Temperature Changes
- Phase Changes at Constant T and p
- Chemical Reactions—Changes in Entropy
- Chemical Reactions—Changes in Gibbs Free Energy
- Concepts
- Applications
- Partial Molar Gibbs Energy
- Chemical Potential
- The Sum Rule for Partial Molar Quantities
- Directionality of Chemical Reaction
- Reactions of Ideal Gases
- Dependence of Chemical Potential on Partial Pressures
- Solution
- Equilibrium Constant
- Solution
- Dependence of Chemical Potential on Partial Pressures
- Activity
- Standard States
- Ideal gases
- Real gases
- Pure solids or liquids
- Solution
- Solution
- Solutions
- Mole fraction and solvent standard state
- Solute standard states
- Molarity
- Molality
- Biochemical standard state
- Solution
- Solution
- Calculation of Equilibrium Concentrations: Ideal Solutions
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Thermodynamics of Metabolism
- Solution
- Double Strand Formation in Nucleic Acids
- Ionic Effect on Protein–Nucleic Acid Interactions
- Chemical Potential
- Gibbs Free Energy
- Sum Rule for Chemical Potentials
- Chemical Potentials of Reactions at Equilibrium
- Chemical Potential and Activity
- Standard States and Activities
- Ideal Gases
- Real Gases
- Pure Solids and liquids
- Solvent of a solution
- Solutes in a Solution
- Ions
- Biochemical Standard State
- ∆G and the Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction
- Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constant
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 4
- Concepts
- Applications
- Maxwell Boltzmann Statistics
- The Boltzmann Distribution
- The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
- The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and the Speed
- Statistical Thermodynamics
- Statistical Mechanical Internal Energy
- Work
- Heat
- Most Probable (Boltzmann) Distribution
- Statistical Mechanical Entropy
- Examples of Entropy and Probability
- Partition Function: Applications
- The Random Walk
- Calculation of Some Mean Values for the Random-Walk Problem
- Mean Displacement
- Mean-Square Displacement
- Diffusion
- Average Dimension of a Linear Polymer
- Calculation of Some Mean Values for the Random-Walk Problem
- Helix–Coil Transitions
- Helix–Coil Transition in a Polypeptide
- Helix–Coil Transition in a Double-Stranded Nucleic Acid
- Example 5.7
- Example 5.9
- Identical-and-Independent-Sites Model
- Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
- Nearest-Neighbor Interactions and Statistical Weights
- Cooperative Binding, Anticooperative Binding, and Excluded-Site Binding
- N Identical Sites in a Linear Array with Nearest-Neighbor Interactions
- Identical Sites in Nonlinear Arrays with Nearest-Neighbor Interactions
- Statistical Thermodynamics
- The Most Probable Distribution:
- Entropy:
- Random Walk and Related Topics
- Helix−Coil Transitions
- Simple Polypeptides
- Proteins
- Double-Stranded Nucleic Acids
- Binding of Small Molecules by a Polymer
- Polymer Molecule with N Identical and Independent Sites for the Binding of A, a Small Molecule
- Polymer with N Identical Sites in a Linear Array with Nearest-Neighbor Interactions
- Cooperative Binding
- Anticooperative Binding
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 5
- Concepts
- Applications
- Membranes and Transport
- Ligand Binding
- Colligative Properties
- Phase Equilibria
- One-Component Systems
- The Exact Clapeyron Equation
- Solution
- The Gibbs Phase Rule
- Vapor-Liquid Equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- The Exact Clapeyron Equation
- Solutions of Two or More Components
- Vapor Pressure
- Henry’s Law
- Solution
- Partition Equilibria
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Equilibrium Dialysis
- Cooperative Binding and Anticooperative Binding
- One-Component Systems
- Lipid Molecules
- Lipid Bilayers
- Phase Transitions in Lipids, Bilayers, and Membranes
- Surface Tension
- Surface Free Energy
- Hydrophobic Effect
- Vapor Pressure and Surface Tension
- Biological Membranes
- Solution
- Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
- Osmotic Pressure
- Molecular-Weight Determination
- Solution
- Exact Clapeyron Equation
- Gibbs Phase Rule
- Three Forms of the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- Raoult’s Law
- Solvent Chemical Potential in a Solution Obeying Raoult’s Law
- Solvent Chemical Potential in a Solution not Obeying Raoult’s Law
- Henry’s Law
- Partition Coefficient
- Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
- Standard Chemical Potential Change on Solution of a Weakly Soluble Species
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Elevation of Boiling Point
- Osmotic Pressure
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 6
- Internet
- Concepts
- Applications
- Basic Electricity
- Capacitance and Electrical Neutrality
- Ground and the Reference Potential
- The Electrochemical Cell
- Reversibility in the Electrochemical Cell
- Electrical Work, Electrochemical Potential, and Free Energy
- Standard Electrochemical Potentials
- Solution
- Concentration Dependence of ε
- Solution
- Solution
- Donnan Effect and Donnan Potential
- Plasma Membrane Potentials and the Na+-K+ ATPase
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- NADH-Q Reductase (Complex I)
- Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II)
- Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase (Complex III)
- Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)
- Mitochondrial Oxidation of NAD+
- ATP Synthase
- Concepts
- Applications
- Molecular Motion and Molecular Collisions
- The Collision Tube
- Solution
- Random Walks in a Gas
- The Collision Tube
- Diffusion
- The Diffusion Coefficient and Fick’s First Law
- Fick’s Second Law
- The Einstein-Smoluchowski Relation
- Solution
- Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient
- Classical Flux Measurements
- Single Molecule Spectroscopy
- Solution
- Other Methods
- Values of the Diffusion and Self-Diffusion Coefficient
- The Frictional Coefficient
- f and D
- Shape Factor
- Solution
- Diffusion Coefficients of Random Coils
- Sedimentation
- Analytical Centrifugation
- Solution
- Standard Sedimentation Coefficient
- Solution
- Analytical Centrifugation
- Sedimentation Equilibrium
- Molecular Weights from Sedimentation and Diffusion
- Solution
- Density-Gradient Centrifugation
- Measurement of Viscosity
- Viscosities of Solutions
- Gel Electrophoresis
- DNA Sequencing
- Double-Stranded DNA
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Conformations of Nucleic Acids
- Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
- Protein Molecular Weights
- Protein Charge
- Macromolecular Interactions
- Collisions
- Collision Frequency
- Mean Free Path
- Mean-Square Displacement
- Diffusion
- Fick’s First Law
- Fick’s Second Law
- Diffusion Coefficient D and Mean Square Displacement d 2
- Diffusion Coefficient D and Frictional Coefficient f
- Sedimentation
- Frictional Coefficient and Molecular Parameters
- Combination of Diffusion and Sedimentation
- Equilibrium Centrifugation:
- Viscosity
- Specific Viscosity:
- Relation between [η] and Molecular Parameters:
- Very Flexible Coils (Random Colis):
- Electrophoresis
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Molecular Weight:
- Concepts
- Applications
- Kinetics
- Rate Law
- Order of a Reaction
- Experimental Rate Data
- Zero-Order Reactions
- First-Order Reactions
- Solution
- Second-Order Reactions
- Class 1
- Class II
- Solution
- Renaturation of DNA as an Example of a Second-Order Reaction
- Reactions of Other Orders
- Determining the Order and Rate Coefficient of a Reaction
- Direct Data Plots
- Rate Versus Concentration Plots (Differentiation of the Data)
- Method of Initial Rates
- Changes in Initial Concentrations
- Methods of Reagents in Excess
- Parallel Reactions
- Solution
- Series Reactions (First Order)
- Equilibrium and Kinetics
- Complex Reactions
- Initial-Rate Approximation
- Prior-Equilibrium Approximation
- Steady-State Approximation
- Deducing a Mechanism from Kinetic Data
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Relaxation Methods
- Relaxation Kinetics
- Solution
- Solution
- Solution
- Vision
- Photosynthesis
- Zero-Order Reactions
- First-Order Reactions
- Second-Order Reactions
- Temperature Dependence
- Arrhenius Equation
- Activation Energy
- Eyring Equation
- Electron Transfer Reactions: Marcus Theory
- Relaxation Kinetics
- Diffusion-Controlled Reactions
- Absorption of Light
- Photochemistry
- Planck Equation
- Rate of a Photochemical Reaction
- Dilute Solution Photochemistry
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 9
- Concepts
- Applications
- Catalytic Antibodies and RNA Enzymes—Ribozymes
- Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis–Menten Kinetics
- Kinetic Data Analysis
- Lineweaver–Burk plot
- Dixon plot
- Eadie–Hofstee plot
- Solution
- Kinetic Data Analysis
- Two Intermediate Complexes
- Competition
- Competitive Inhibition
- Noncompetitive Inhibition
- Allosteric Effects
- Single-Molecule Kinetics
- Typical Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis–Menten Mechanism
- Initial rate of forward reaction
- Lineweaver–Burk
- Eadie–Hofstee
- Michaelis–Menten mechanism, including reverse reaction
- Rate in either direction
- Reversible inhibition
- Monod–Wyman–Changeux mechanism
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 10
- Concepts
- Application to Vision
- Origins of Quantum Theory
- Origins: Blackbody Radiation
- Origins: Hydrogen Emission
- Origins: Photoelectric Effect
- Origins: Electrons as Waves
- Origins: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- Origins: Classical Waves and Quantization
- Quantum Mechanical Calculations
- Wave Mechanics and Wavefunctions
- The Schrödinger Equation
- Solving Wave Mechanical Problems
- Outline of Wave Mechanical Procedures
- Particle in a Box
- Solution
- Example of a Particle-in-a-Box Calculation
- Tunneling
- Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- Solution
- Rigid Rotator
- Hydrogen Atom
- Electron Distribution
- Electron Distribution in a Hydrogen Atom
- Solution
- Many-Electron Atoms
- Hybridization
- Electron Distribution in a Hydrogen Atom
- Origins: Postulates
- Summary
- Blackbody Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Wave-Particle Duality
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- Schrödinger’s Equation
- Quantum Mechanical Operators
- Energy:
- Linear Momentum:
- Schrödinger Equation: Exact Solutions
- Particle In a Box:
- Harmonic Oscillator:
- Hydrogen Atom:
- Coulomb’s Law
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 11
- References
- Suggested Reading
- Problems
- Concepts
- Molecular Orbitals
- Solution
- Solution
- Delocalized Orbitals
- Molecular Orbitals
- Molecular Structure and Molecular Orbitals
- Geometry and Stereochemistry
- Transition Metal Ligation
- Charge Distributions and Dipole Moments
- Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces
- Bond Stretching and Bond Angle Bending
- Rotation Around Bonds
- Noncovalent Interactions
- Electrostatic Energy and Coulomb’s Law
- Solution
- Net Atomic Charges and Dipole Moments
- Solution
- Dipole–Dipole Interactions
- London Attraction
- van der Waals Repulsion
- London–van der Waals Interaction
- The Lowest-Energy Conformation
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Environments
- Electrostatic Energy and Coulomb’s Law
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Monte Carlo Method
- Molecular Dynamics Method
- Outlook
- Summary
- Coulomb’s Law
- Dipoles and Their Interaction Energy
- Intramolecular and Intermolecular Interactions
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 12
- Coulomb’s Law
- References
- Suggested Reading
- Problems
- Concepts
- Applications
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Color and Refractive Index
- Absorption and Emission of Radiation
- Radiation-Induced Transitions
- Classical Oscillators
- Quantum Mechanical Description
- Lifetimes and Line Width
- Role of Environment in Electronic Absorption Spectra
- Beer–Lambert Law
- Quantitative determinations using the Beer-Lambert Law
- Solution
- Quantitative determinations using the Beer-Lambert Law
- Amino Acid Spectra
- Polypeptide Spectra
- Secondary Structure
- Nucleic Acids
- Rhodopsin: A Chromophoric Protein
- Simple Theory
- Excited-State Properties
- Fluorescence Quenching
- Excitation Transfer
- Molecular Rulers
- Fluorescence Polarization
- Phosphorescence
- Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy
- Polarized Light
- Optical Rotation
- Circular Dichroism
- Circular Dichroism of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
- Infrared Absorption
- Raman Scattering
- Absorption and Emission
- Excitation Transfer
- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
- Experimental Parameters
- Absorption
- Fluorescence
- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
- Raman and Infrared
- Other Spectroscopic Methods
- Concepts
- Solution
- Applications
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Nuclear Spin Energy Levels
- The Spectrum
- A Pulse in the Rotating Frame
- Solution
- Chemical Shifts
- Spin–Spin Coupling, Scalar Coupling, or J-Coupling
- Solution
- Relaxation Mechanisms
- Solution
- Nuclear Overhauser Effect
- Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy
- Determining Macromolecular Structure by NMR
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
- Magnetic Field Gradients, Diffusion and Microscopy
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- NMR Hardware Overview
- NMR
- Concepts
- Applications
- Lattices
- Symmetry
- Symmetry in Three Dimensions
- Images
- X-Rays
- Emission of X-Rays
- Image Formation
- Scattering of X-Rays
- Diffraction of X-Rays by a Crystal
- Measuring the Diffraction Pattern
- Bragg Reflection of X-Rays
- Intensity of Diffraction
- Unit Cell
- Determination of Molecular Structure
- Calculation of Diffracted Intensities from Atomic Coordinates: The Structure Factor
- Calculation of Atomic Coordinates from Diffracted Intensities
- The Phase Problem
- Direct Methods
- Isomorphous Replacement
- Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction
- Determination of a Crystal Structure
- Accessing Crystal Structures
- Scattering of X-Rays by Noncrystalline Materials
- Absorption of X-Rays
- Extended Fine Structure of Edge Absorption (EXAFS)
- X-Rays from Synchrotron Radiation and Free-Electron Lasers
- Electron Diffraction
- Neutron Diffraction
- Electron Microscopy
- Resolution, Contrast, and Radiation Damage
- Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes
- Image Enhancement and Reconstruction
- Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy
- Summary
- X-ray Diffraction
- Scattering from One Point
- Scattering from Two Points
- von Laue’s Equations
- Miller Indices
- Bragg Equation
- Unit Cell
- Structure Factor
- Phase Problem
- Scattering by Noncrystalline Materials
- Neutron Diffraction
- Electron Microscopy
- Mathematics Needed for Chapter 15
- Complex Numbers
- X-ray Diffraction
- Derivatives
- Integration
- Improper Integrals
- Exponents and Logarithms
- Series and Approximations
- Mathematics for Quantum Mechanics: Hilbert Space
- References
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Z
- Periodic Table of the Elements
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 6498
- Útgáfuár : 2013
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