Efnisyfirlit

• Foundations of Modern Global Seismology
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
  • Preface
    • Part I - Observational foundations of global seismology
    • Part II: Theoretical foundations of seismology
• Part I Observational foundations
  • 1 An overview of global seismology
    • 1.1 The foundation of seismology: seismograms
    • 1.2 The historical development of global seismology
    • 1.3 The topics of global seismology
      • 1.3.1 Seismic sources
      • 1.3.2 Earthquake sources involving shear faulting
      • 1.3.3 Seismic waves and seismograms
      • 1.3.4 Quantification of earthquakes
      • 1.3.5 Earthquake geographic distributions
      • 1.3.6 Global faulting patterns and earthquake models
      • 1.3.7 Earth's interior: radial Earth layering
      • 1.3.8 Heterogeneous Earth models
      • 1.3.9 Summary
    • 1.4 Appendix: Great earthquakes, 1900-mid2020
  • 2 An overview of earthquake and seismic-wave mechanics
    • 2.1 Stress
    • 2.2 Strain and rotation
    • 2.3 Hooke's law
      • 2.3.1 Elastic potential energy
    • 2.4 Earthquakes: conceptual models
      • 2.4.1 Elastic rebound
      • 2.4.2 Rock friction and frictional sliding
      • 2.4.3 Anelastic processes and postseismic relaxation
      • 2.4.4 Earthquake scaling relations & stress drop
      • 2.4.5 Stress drop, particle velocity, and rupture velocity
    • 2.5 Seismic-waves: the elastic equations of motion
      • 2.5.1 Harmonic motion
      • 2.5.2 Seismic-wave attenuation
        • Damped harmonic motion
          • The quality factor, Q
      • 2.5.3 Seismic wave attenuation in Earth
    • 2.6 Summary
  • 3 Earthquakes and plate tectonics
    • 3.1 Divergent boundaries
    • 3.2 Transcurrent boundaries
    • 3.3 Convergent boundaries
      • 3.3.1 Subduction zones
      • 3.3.2 Continental collisions
    • 3.4 Intraplate earthquakes
    • 3.5 Summary
  • 4 Earth motions & seismometry
    • 4.1 Introduction
      • 4.1.1 Seismic stations, networks, and arrays
    • 4.2 Earthquake-related ground motions
    • 4.3 Earth's continuous background motion
      • 4.3.1 Ambient background motion power spectra
      • 4.3.2 Power spectral density and time-domain ground motions
      • 4.3.3 Horizontal and vertical ambient ground motions
      • 4.3.4 Diurnal variation in ambient ground motions
      • 4.3.5 Seasonal ambient ground motion variations
      • 4.3.6 Reducing ambient motions in seismic data
    • 4.4 Seismographic systems
      • 4.4.1 Inertial pendulum seismometers
      • 4.4.2 Electromagnetic seismographs
      • 4.4.3 Digital recording and force-feedback sensors
    • 4.5 Working with modern seismograms
      • 4.5.1 Digital seismic recording systems
      • 4.5.2 Removing instrument effects
      • 4.5.3 Poles and zeros
      • 4.5.4 Digital filters and signal decimation
      • 4.5.5 Removing an instrument response by deconvolution
    • 4.6 Seismometry's future
      • 4.6.1 Seismometers everywhere
    • 4.7 Summary
  • 5 Seismogram interpretation and processing
    • 5.1 Terminology for seismograms
    • 5.2 Characteristics of body wave seismograms
      • 5.2.1 Local, regional, and upper mantle
      • 5.2.2 Teleseismic
    • 5.3 Surface-waves
    • 5.4 Travel-time curves
    • 5.5 Signal processing basics
      • 5.5.1 Time representation of seismic signals
      • 5.5.2 Frequency-domain representation of seismic signals
      • 5.5.3 Convolution
    • 5.6 Picking arrival times
    • 5.7 Summary
  • 6 An introduction to earthquake location
    • 6.1 Seismic arrival times
      • 6.1.1 Seismic travel-time curves
    • 6.2 Earthquake location with information from a single station
      • 6.2.1 Inferring seismic source properties from seismogram characteristics
      • 6.2.2 Inferring station-to-source distance & origin time using arrival times
      • 6.2.3 Inferring station-to-source direction using ground motion polarization
    • 6.3 Earthquake location with information from a seismic network
      • 6.3.1 Epicenter estimation with tS - tP measurements
      • 6.3.2 Origin-time estimation with Wadati diagrams
      • 6.3.3 Refining locations using arrival-time residuals
    • 6.4 Earthquake location as an inverse problem
      • 6.4.1 A least-squares optimal location estimate
      • 6.4.2 Halfspace arrival-time partial derivatives
        • A numerical location example
    • 6.5 Relative earthquake location methods
      • 6.5.1 Master-event methods
      • 6.5.2 Joint epicenter/hypocenter determination methods
      • 6.5.3 Double-difference methods
    • 6.6 Summary
  • 7 Earthquake size & descriptive earthquake statistics
    • 7.1 The energy in seismic waves
    • 7.2 Earthquake magnitude scales
      • 7.2.1 Local magnitude (ML)
      • 7.2.2 Body-wave magnitude
      • 7.2.3 Surface-wave magnitude (MS)
      • 7.2.4 Other magnitude scales
        • Regional magnitude, mb(Lg)
        • Seismic coda magnitude
      • 7.2.5 Magnitude saturation
    • 7.3 Seismic energy, magnitude, and moment magnitude
    • 7.4 Descriptive earthquake statistics
      • 7.4.1 The Gutenberg-Richter relationship
      • 7.4.2 Earthquake occurrence rates
    • 7.5 Patterns in earthquake sequences
      • 7.5.1 Foreshock patterns and earthquake nucleation
      • 7.5.2 Aftershock patterns and rupture area
    • 7.6 Earthquake catalogs
      • 7.6.1 Modern earthquake catalogs
    • 7.7 Summary
  • 8 Earthquake prediction, forecasting, & early warning
    • 8.1 The earthquake cycle
    • 8.2 Paleoseismology
    • 8.3 Earthquake prediction
      • 8.3.1 Long-term deformation and earthquake migration patterns
      • 8.3.2 Precursory phenomena
    • 8.4 Earthquake forecasting and hazard estimation
    • 8.5 Earthquake interactions and triggering
      • 8.5.1 Static triggering
      • 8.5.2 Dynamic triggering
      • 8.5.3 Other triggering
    • 8.6 Earthquake early warning
    • 8.7 Summary
  • 9 Tsunami and tsunami warning
    • 9.1 Tsunami excitation
    • 9.2 Tsunami propagation
    • 9.3 Tsunami observation and monitoring
      • 9.3.1 Onshore tsunami measurements
    • 9.4 Tsunami forecasting and warning
    • 9.5 Summary
  • 10 Earth structure
    • 10.1 Global Earth structure
    • 10.2 Crustal structure
    • 10.3 Upper-mantle structure
      • 10.3.1 Discontinuities and anisotropy
    • 10.4 Upper mantle heterogeneity
    • 10.5 Lower-mantle structure
    • 10.6 Structure of the core
    • 10.7 Summary
• Part II Theoretical foundations
  • 11 Elasticity and seismic waves
    • 11.1 Deformation, deformation gradients, and strain
      • 11.1.1 Displacement gradients, strain, and rotation
        • Normal strains
        • Shear strains
        • Rigid-body rotation
    • 11.2 Stress
      • 11.2.1 The stress tensor
      • 11.2.2 Cauchy's relation
        • Representative absolute stresses within Earth
      • 11.2.3 The conservation of linear momentum - the equations of equilibrium
      • 11.2.4 Conservation of angular momentum stress tensor symmetry
      • 11.2.5 Principal stresses
        • Tensors and tensor rotation
    • 11.3 The equation of motion
      • 11.3.1 Hooke's law and linear elasticity
        • Isotropic elastic materials
        • Elastic moduli and parameters
      • 11.3.2 The equations of motion for linearly elastic materials
    • 11.4 Wave equations for P- and S-wave potentials
      • 11.4.1 The one-dimensional wave equation and solutions
        • General solutions of the 1D wave equation
        • Harmonic solutions of the 1D wave equation
        • An approximate solution for an inhomogeneous 1D medium
      • 11.4.2 Three-dimensional wave solutions
        • Plane-wave phase and wavenumber vectors
        • P- and S-wave displacements
        • Wave polarization on seismograms
    • 11.5 Seismic-wave speeds in Earth materials
  • 12 Body waves and ray theory - travel times
    • 12.1 Wavefronts and rays
    • 12.2 The Eikonal equations and seismic rays
    • 12.3 Travel times in media with depth-dependent properties
      • 12.3.1 The seismic ray parameter (horizontal slowness)
      • 12.3.2 Ray-path curvature
      • 12.3.3 Distance and travel-time formulas
      • 12.3.4 Travel-time curves for continuous media
    • 12.4 Travel times in spherical Earth models
      • 12.4.1 Travel-time expressions for spherical Earth models
    • 12.5 Travel times in layered Earth models
      • The layer-over-a-halfspace model
      • Hidden layers and blind zones
    • 12.6 Body-wave travel-time tables
  • 13 Body-waves and ray theory - amplitudes
    • 13.1 Geometric spreading in vertically varying media
    • 13.2 Geometric spreading in spherical Earth models
      • 13.2.1 Seismic-wave energy and amplitude
    • 13.3 Body-wave attenuation
      • 13.3.1 The standard-linear-solid attenuation model
      • 13.3.2 Estimating Q in the seismic band
    • 13.4 Seismic-wave reflection & transmission across geologic boundaries
      • 13.4.1 P-waves at a fluid-fluid boundary
        • Reflection variation with incidence angle / slowness
      • 13.4.2 SH-waves at a solid-solid boundary
      • 13.4.3 P- & S-waves at a solid-solid boundary
      • 13.4.4 P- & S-waves at a solid-fluid boundary
      • 13.4.5 P-S-wave reflection at a free surface
        • The free-surface receiver functions
    • 13.5 Body-wave energy flux factors
  • 14 Surface waves
    • 14.1 Halfspace Rayleigh waves
      • 14.1.1 Halfspace Rayleigh-wave speed
      • 14.1.2 Halfspace Rayleigh-wave displacements
        • A Poisson solid
        • Surface-wave geometric spreading
    • 14.2 Love waves in a layer over a halfspace
    • 14.3 Dispersion
      • 14.3.1 Discrete dispersion
      • 14.3.2 Continuous dispersion
      • 14.3.3 Calculating group velocity
    • 14.4 Dispersion on seismograms
      • 14.4.1 Measuring dispersion
        • Group-velocity estimation
        • Phase-velocity estimation
      • 14.4.2 Surface-wave dispersion and shallow Earth structure
    • 14.5 Surface waves on a sphere
    • 14.6 Surface-wave amplitude and attenuation
      • 14.6.1 Geometric spreading
      • 14.6.2 Attenuation
  • 15 Free oscillations
    • 15.1 A vibrating string
    • 15.2 A vibrating sphere
    • 15.3 Earth's free oscillations
      • 15.3.1 Observing Earth's natural frequencies of vibration
        • Mode splitting
        • Mode coupling
    • 15.4 Attenuation of free oscillations
    • 15.5 Building models of Earth's interior using normal modes
  • 16 Seismic point-source models
    • 16.1 An ideal explosion
    • 16.2 Faulting sources
      • 16.2.1 Shear-faulting nomenclature
    • 16.3 Earthquake P-wave "first motions"
    • 16.4 Equivalent body forces for seismic sources
      • 16.4.1 Seismic point-force sources
      • 16.4.2 An ideal explosion
      • 16.4.3 An ideal earthquake
        • 16.4.3.1 Equivalent body force system non-uniqueness
    • 16.5 Seismic moment tensors
      • 16.5.1 Moment tensors and shear faulting
        • Shear-faulting moment tensors in principle-axis coordinates
        • Computing fault-normal and slip vectors from a moment tensor
        • Computing seismic moment from a moment tensor
      • 16.5.2 Non-double-couple seismic sources
        • Moment-tensor decompositions
  • 17 Seismic point-source radiation patterns
    • 17.1 Elastostatics
      • 17.1.1 Static displacement field due to a single force
      • 17.1.2 Static displacement field due to a force couple
      • 17.1.3 Static displacement field due to a double couple
    • 17.2 Elastodynamics
      • 17.2.1 Elastodynamic point-force displacements
      • 17.2.2 Elastodynamic single-couple displacements
      • 17.2.3 Moment-tensor radiation patterns
      • 17.2.4 Elastodynamic double-couple displacements
    • 17.3 Double-couple radiation patterns in geographic coordinates
      • 17.3.1 Body-waves
      • 17.3.2 Surface-waves
    • 17.4 Estimating faulting geometry
      • 17.4.1 P-wave first motion modeling
  • 18 Earthquake rupture and source time functions
    • 18.1 Rock fracture and fault rupture
      • Earthquake rupture dynamics
        • 18.1.1 Simple moment-rate function shapes
    • 18.2 The one-dimensional Haskell source model
      • 18.2.1 Rupture directivity
    • 18.3 Seismic source spectra
      • 18.3.1 Simple earthquake spectra models
      • 18.3.2 Earthquake self similarity
    • 18.4 Earthquake-slip heterogeneity
    • 18.5 Source-spectrum estimation
      • 18.5.1 Source-spectrum estimation
    • 18.6 Source-time function estimation
      • 18.6.1 Body waves
      • 18.6.2 Surface waves
        • Empirical Green's functions
  • 19 Imaging seismic-sources
    • 19.1 Body waveform modeling - a point source
      • 19.1.1 Fundamental fault responses
      • 19.1.2 Teleseismic body-wave modeling
      • 19.1.3 Moment-tensor inversion
      • 19.1.4 Time-dependent moment-tensor inversion
    • 19.2 Surface-wave modeling for the seismic source
    • 19.3 Global centroid moment-tensor solutions
    • 19.4 Iterative sub-event identification
    • 19.5 Earthquake finite-fault models
  • 20 Imaging Earth's interior
    • 20.1 Earth structure estimation using travel times
      • 20.1.1 Herglotz-Wiechert inversion
      • 20.1.2 Seismic traveltime tomography
      • 20.1.3 Amplitude attenuation tomography
      • 20.1.4 Surface-wave dispersion tomography
    • 20.2 Discrete geophysical inversion
      • 20.2.1 Surface-wave dispersion modeling
    • 20.3 Earth structure estimation using seismic amplitudes and waveforms
      • 20.3.1 P-wave receiver-function modeling
    • 20.4 Full seismogram inversion
• Bibliography
• Index
• Back Cover

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