Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
Höfundur: Karen Whalen
6.290 kr.
Lýsing:
Students’ favorite review resource for studying the essentials of medical pharmacology, Lippincott® Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 8th Edition, presents up-to-date drug information in an accessible format ideal for effective review. Part of the popular Lippincott® Illustrated Reviews series, this concise resource features clear writing and hundreds of illustrations that break down complex pharmacological information, so it is understandable and accessible.
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- Höfundur: Karen Whalen
- Útgáfa:8
- Útgáfudagur: 2022-08-18
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781975170578
- Print ISBN: 9781975170554
- ISBN 10: 1975170571
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- In Memoriam
- Contributing Authors
- Reviewers
- Contents
- UNIT I: Principles of Drug Therapy
- Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics
- I. Overview
- II. Routes of Drug Administration
- A. Enteral
- B. Parenteral
- C. Other
- III. Absorption of Drugs
- A. Mechanisms of absorption of drugs from the GI tract
- B. Factors influencing absorption
- C. Bioavailability
- D. Bioequivalence and other types of equivalence
- IV. Drug Distribution
- A. Blood flow
- B. Capillary permeability
- C. Binding of drugs to plasma proteins and tissues
- D. Lipophilicity
- E. Volume of distribution
- V. Drug Clearance Through Metabolism
- A. Kinetics of metabolism
- B. Reactions of drug metabolism
- VI. Drug Clearance by the Kidney
- A. Renal elimination of a drug
- VII. Excretion by Other Routes
- A. Total body clearance
- B. Clinical situations resulting in changes in drug half-life
- VIII. Design and Optimization of Dosage Regimen
- A. Continuous infusion regimens
- B. Fixed-dose/Fixed-time regimens
- C. Optimization of dose
- Chapter 1: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 2: Drug–Receptor Interactions and Pharmacodynamics
- I. Overview
- II. Signal Transduction
- A. The drug–receptor complex
- B. Receptor states
- C. Major receptor families
- D. Characteristics of signal transduction
- III. Dose–Response Relationships
- A. Graded dose–response relationship
- B. Effect of drug concentration on receptor binding
- C. Relationship of drug binding to pharmacologic effect
- IV. Intrinsic Activity
- A. Full agonists
- B. Partial agonists
- C. Inverse agonists
- D. Antagonists
- V. Quantal Dose–Response Relationships
- A. Therapeutic index
- B. Clinical usefulness of the therapeutic index
- Chapter 2: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics
- Chapter 3: The Autonomic Nervous System
- I. Overview
- II. Introduction to the Nervous System
- A. Functional divisions within the nervous system
- B. Anatomy of the ANS
- C. Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
- D. Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
- E. Role of the CNS in the control of autonomic functions
- F. Innervation by the ANS
- G. Somatic nervous system
- H. Summary of differences between sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor nerves
- III. Chemical Signaling Between Cells
- A. Hormones
- B. Local mediators
- C. Neurotransmitters
- IV. Signal Transduction in the Effector Cell
- Chapter 3: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 4: Cholinergic Agonists
- I. Overview
- II. The Cholinergic Neuron
- A. Neurotransmission at cholinergic neurons
- III. Cholinergic Receptors (Cholinoceptors)
- A. Muscarinic receptors
- B. Nicotinic receptors
- IV. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Bethanechol
- C. Carbachol (carbamylcholine)
- D. Pilocarpine
- V. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterase Agents (Reversible)
- A. Edrophonium
- B. Physostigmine
- C. Neostigmine
- D. Pyridostigmine
- E. Tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine
- VI. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterase Agents (Irreversible)
- A. Echothiophate
- VII. Toxicology of Anticholinesterase Agents
- A. Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase
- B. Other treatments
- Chapter 4: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 5: Cholinergic Antagonists
- I. Overview
- II. Antimuscarinic Agents
- A. Atropine
- B. Scopolamine
- C. Ipratropium and other antimuscarinic respiratory agents
- D. Tropicamide and cyclopentolate
- E. Benztropine and trihexyphenidyl
- F. Oxybutynin and other antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder
- III. Ganglionic Blockers
- IV. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- A. Nondepolarizing (competitive) blockers
- B. Depolarizing agents
- Chapter 5: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 6: Adrenergic Agonists
- I. Overview
- II. The Adrenergic Neuron
- A. Neurotransmission at adrenergic neurons
- B. Adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors)
- III. Characteristics of Adrenergic Agonists
- A. Catecholamines
- B. Noncatecholamines
- C. Substitutions on the amine nitrogen
- D. Mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists
- IV. Direct-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
- A. Epinephrine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Dopamine
- D. Phenylephrine
- E. Naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and tetrahydrozoline
- F. Midodrine
- G. Clonidine
- H. Dobutamine
- I. Isoproterenol
- J. Albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, and terbutaline
- K. Formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, and salmeterol
- L. Mirabegron and vibegron
- V. Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
- A. Amphetamine
- B. Tyramine
- C. Cocaine
- VI. Mixed-Action Adrenergic Agonists
- Chapter 6: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 7: Adrenergic Antagonists
- I. Overview
- II. α-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- A. Phenoxybenzamine
- B. Phentolamine
- C. Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin
- III. β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- A. Propranolol: a nonselective β antagonist
- B. Nadolol and timolol: nonselective β antagonists
- C. Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol: selective β1 antagonists
- D. Acebutolol and pindolol: antagonists with partial agonist activity
- E. Labetalol and carvedilol: antagonists of both α- and β-adrenoceptors
- IV. DRUGS AFFECTING NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE OR UPTAKE
- Chapter 7: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 8: Antihypertensives
- I. Overview
- II. Etiology of Hypertension
- III. Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure
- A. Autonomic nervous system
- B. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
- IV. Treatment Strategies
- A. Individualized care
- V. Diuretics
- A. Thiazide diuretics
- B. Loop diuretics
- C. Potassium-sparing diuretics
- VI. β-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
- A. Actions
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- VII. ACE Inhibitors
- A. Actions
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- VIII. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
- IX. Renin Inhibitor
- X. Calcium Channel Blockers
- A. Classes of calcium channel blockers
- B. Actions
- C. Therapeutic uses
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- XI. α-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
- XII. α-/β-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Agents
- XIII. Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
- A. Clonidine
- B. Methyldopa
- XIV. Vasodilators
- XV. Hypertensive Emergency
- XVI. Resistant Hypertension
- Chapter 8: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 9: Diuretics
- I. Overview
- II. Normal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes by the Kidneys
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Descending loop of henle
- C. Ascending loop of henle
- D. Distal convoluted tubule
- E. Collecting tubule and duct
- III. Thiazides
- A. Thiazides and thiazide-like medications
- IV. Loop Diuretics
- A. Loop diuretic medications
- V. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
- A. Aldosterone antagonists
- B. Triamterene and amiloride
- VI. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
- A. Acetazolamide
- VII. Osmotic Diuretics
- Chapter 9: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 10: Drugs for Heart Failure
- I. Overview
- A. Role of pathophysiologic mechanisms in the progression of HF
- II. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
- A. Compensatory physiologic responses in heart failure
- B. Acute (decompensated) HF
- C. Therapeutic strategies in HF
- III. Inhibitors of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
- A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- B. Angiotensin receptor blockers
- C. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
- IV. Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor
- A. Sacubitril/Valsartan
- V. β-Blockers
- VI. Diuretics
- VII. Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channel Blocker
- A. Ivabradine
- VIII. Vasodilators
- A. Arterial vasodilators
- B. Arterial and venous dilators
- IX. Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
- A. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin
- X. Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators
- A. Vericiguat
- XI. Inotropic Drugs
- A. Digitalis glycosides
- B. β-Adrenergic agonists
- C. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- XII. Order of Therapy
- Chapter 10: Multple Choice Question
- I. Overview
- Chapter 11: Antiarrhythmics
- I. Overview
- II. Introduction to the Arrhythmias
- A. Causes of arrhythmias
- B. Antiarrhythmic drugs
- III. Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- A. Class IA antiarrhythmic drugs: quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide
- B. Class IB antiarrhythmic drugs: lidocaine and mexiletine
- C. Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs: flecainide and propafenone
- IV. Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- V. Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- A. Amiodarone
- B. Dronedarone
- C. Sotalol
- D. Dofetilide
- E. Ibutilide
- VI. Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- VII. Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- A. Digoxin
- B. Adenosine
- C. Magnesium sulfate
- D. Ranolazine
- Chapter 11: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 12: Antianginal Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Types of Angina
- A. Stable angina, effort-induced angina, classic or typical angina
- B. Unstable angina
- C. Prinzmetal, variant, vasospastic, or rest angina
- D. Acute coronary syndrome
- III. Treatment Strategies
- IV. β-Adrenergic Blockers
- V. Calcium Channel Blockers
- A. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
- B. Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
- VI. Organic Nitrates
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Adverse effects
- VII. Sodium Channel Blocker
- Chapter 12: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 13: Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
- I. Overview
- II. Thrombus Versus Embolus
- III. Platelet Response to Vascular Injury
- A. Resting platelets
- B. Platelet adhesion
- C. Platelet activation
- D. Platelet aggregation
- E. Formation of a clot
- F. Fibrinolysis
- IV. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
- A. Aspirin
- B. P2Y12 receptor antagonists
- C. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
- D. Dipyridamole
- E. Cilostazol
- F. Vorapaxar
- V. Blood Coagulation
- A. Formation of fibrin
- B. Inhibitors of coagulation
- VI. Parenteral Anticoagulants
- A. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins
- B. Argatroban
- C. Bivalirudin
- D. Fondaparinux
- VII. Vitamin K Antagonists
- A. Warfarin
- VIII. Direct Oral Anticoagulants
- A. Dabigatran
- B. Direct oral factor Xa inhibitors
- IX. Thrombolytic Drugs
- A. Common characteristics of thrombolytic agents
- B. Fibrinolytic agents
- X. Drugs Used to Treat Bleeding
- A. Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid
- B. Protamine sulfate
- C. Vitamin K
- D. Idarucizumab
- E. Factor Xa
- Chapter 13: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 14: Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
- I. Overview
- II. Treatment Goals
- III. Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
- A. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
- B. Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
- C. Bile acid sequestrants
- D. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors
- E. Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase inhibitor
- F. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
- G. Fibrates
- H. Niacin (nicotinic acid)
- I. Omega-3 fatty acids
- J. Combination drug therapy
- Chapter 14: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 15: Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- I. Overview
- II. Neurotransmission in the CNS
- III. Synaptic Potentials
- A. Excitatory pathways
- B. Inhibitory pathways
- C. Combined effects of the EPSP and IPSP
- IV. Neurodegenerative Diseases
- V. Overview of Parkinson Disease
- A. Etiology
- B. Strategy of treatment
- VI. Drugs Used in Parkinson Disease
- A. Levodopa and carbidopa
- B. Selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide
- C. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors
- D. Dopamine receptor agonists
- E. Amantadine
- F. Antimuscarinic agents
- G. Adenosine receptor antagonist
- VII. Drugs Used in Alzheimer Disease
- A. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
- B. NMDA receptor antagonist
- C. Aducanumab
- VIII. Drugs Used in Multiple Sclerosis
- A. Disease-modifying therapies
- B. Symptomatic treatment
- IX. Drugs Used in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Chapter 15: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 16: Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Benzodiazepines
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Actions
- C. Therapeutic uses
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Dependence
- F. Adverse effects
- III. Benzodiazepine Antagonist
- IV. Other Anxiolytic Agents
- A. Antidepressants
- B. Buspirone
- V. Barbiturates
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Actions
- C. Therapeutic uses
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- VI. Other Hypnotic Agents
- A. Zolpidem
- B. Zaleplon
- C. Eszopiclone
- D. Melatonin receptor agonists
- E. Antihistamines
- F. Antidepressants
- G. Orexin receptor antagonists
- Chapter 16: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 17: Antidepressants
- I. Overview
- II. Mechanism of Antidepressant Drugs
- III. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- A. Actions
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- IV. Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
- A. Venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine
- B. Duloxetine
- C. Levomilnacipran
- V. Atypical Antidepressants
- A. Brexanolone
- B. Bupropion
- C. Esketamine
- D. Mirtazapine
- E. Nefazodone and trazodone
- F. Vilazodone
- G. Vortioxetine
- VI. Tricyclic Antidepressants
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Actions
- C. Therapeutic uses
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- VII. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Actions
- C. Therapeutic uses
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- VIII. Serotonin–Dopamine Antagonists
- XI. Treatment of Mania and Bipolar Disorder
- A. Lithium
- B. Other drugs
- Chapter 17: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 18: Antipsychotic Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Schizophrenia
- III. Antipsychotic Drugs
- A. First-generation antipsychotics
- B. Second-generation antipsychotics
- C. Mechanism of action
- D. Actions
- E. Therapeutic uses
- F. Absorption and metabolism
- G. Adverse effects
- H. Maintenance treatment
- Chapter 18: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 19: Drugs for Epilepsy
- I. Overview
- II. Etiology of Seizures
- III. Classification of Seizures
- A. Focal
- B. Generalized
- IV. Mechanism of Action of Antiseizure Medications
- V. Drug Selection
- VI. Antiseizure Medications
- A. Benzodiazepines
- B. Brivaracetam
- C. Cannabidiol
- D. Carbamazepine
- E. Cenobamate
- F. Eslicarbazepine
- G. Ethosuximide
- H. Felbamate
- I. Fenfluramine
- J. Gabapentin
- K. Lacosamide
- L. Lamotrigine
- M. Levetiracetam
- N. Oxcarbazepine
- O. Perampanel
- P. Phenobarbital and primidone
- Q. Phenytoin and fosphenytoin
- R. Pregabalin
- S. Rufinamide
- T. Stiripentol
- U. Tiagabine
- V. Topiramate
- W. Valproic acid, valproate, and divalproex
- X. Vigabatrin
- Y. Zonisamide
- VII. Status Epilepticus
- VIII. REPRODUCTIVE Health and Epilepsy
- Chapter 19: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 20: Anesthetics
- I. Overview
- II. Levels of Sedation
- III. Stages of General Anesthesia
- A. Induction
- B. Maintenance of anesthesia
- C. Emergence
- IV. Inhalation Anesthetics
- A. Common features of inhalation anesthetics
- B. Potency
- C. Uptake and distribution of inhalation anesthetics
- D. Mechanism of action
- E. Isoflurane
- F. Desflurane
- G. Sevoflurane
- H. Nitrous oxide
- I. Malignant hyperthermia
- V. Intravenous Anesthetics
- A. Induction
- B. Emergence
- C. Effect of reduced cardiac output on IV anesthetics
- D. Propofol
- E. Barbiturates
- F. Benzodiazepines
- G. Opioids
- H. Etomidate
- I. Ketamine
- J. Dexmedetomidine
- VI. Neuromuscular Blockers
- A. Sugammadex
- VII. Local Anesthetics
- A. Actions
- B. Onset, potency, and duration of action
- C. Metabolism
- D. Allergic reactions
- E. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity
- VIII. Anesthetic Adjuncts
- A. Gastrointestinal agents
- B. Drugs for PONV
- C. Anxiolytics
- D. Analgesia
- Chapter 20: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 21: Opioids
- I. Overview
- II. Opioid Receptors
- III. Opioid Agonists
- A. Morphine
- B. Codeine
- C. Oxycodone and oxymorphone
- D. Hydromorphone and hydrocodone
- E. Fentanyl
- F. Sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, and carfentanil
- G. Methadone
- H. Meperidine
- IV. Partial Agonists and Mixed Agonist–Antagonists
- A. Buprenorphine
- B. Pentazocine
- C. Nalbuphine and butorphanol
- V. Other Analgesics
- A. Tapentadol
- B. Tramadol
- C. Oliceridine
- VI. Antagonists
- A. Naloxone
- B. Naltrexone
- Chapter 21: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 22: CNS Stimulants
- I. Overview
- II. Psychomotor Stimulants
- A. Methylxanthines
- B. Nicotine
- C. Varenicline
- D. Cocaine
- E. Amphetamines
- F. Methylphenidate
- G. Modafinil and armodafinil
- III. Drugs for Obesity
- A. Anorexiants/Appetite suppressants
- B. Lipase inhibitor
- C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
- D. Combination therapies
- Chapter 22: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 23: Pituitary and Thyroid
- I. Overview
- II. Hypothalamic and Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
- B. Growth hormone (somatotropin)
- C. Somatostatin (growth hormone–inhibiting hormone)
- D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- E. Gonadotropins
- F. Prolactin
- III. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Vasopressin
- IV. Thyroid Hormones
- A. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
- B. Mechanism of action
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Treatment of hypothyroidism
- E. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
- Chapter 23: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 24: Drugs for Diabetes
- I. Overview
- II. Diabetes Mellitus
- A. Type 1 diabetes
- B. Type 2 diabetes
- III. Insulin
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Adverse effects
- IV. Insulin Preparations
- A. Rapid-Acting and short-acting insulin preparations
- B. Intermediate-acting insulin
- C. Long-Acting insulin preparations
- D. Insulin combinations
- E. Standard treatment versus intensive treatment
- V. Amylin Analog
- VI. Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonists
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Adverse effects
- VII. Oral Agents
- A. Biguanides
- B. Sulfonylureas
- C. Meglitinides
- D. Thiazolidinediones
- E. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
- F. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
- G. α-Glucosidase inhibitors
- H. Other agents
- Chapter 24: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 25: Estrogens, Progestogens, and Androgens
- I. Overview
- II. Estrogens
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- III. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- IV. Progestogens
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- E. Progesterone antagonist
- V. Contraceptives
- A. Types of hormonal contraceptives
- B. Mechanism of action
- C. Adverse effects
- VI. Androgens
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- E. Antiandrogens
- Chapter 25: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 26: Adrenal Hormones
- I. Overview
- II. Corticosteroids
- A. Glucocorticoids
- B. Mineralocorticoids
- C. Therapeutic uses of corticosteroids
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- F. Discontinuation
- G. Inhibitors of adrenocorticoid biosynthesis or function
- Chapter 26: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 27: Drugs Affecting Bone Metabolism
- I. Overview
- II. Bone Remodeling
- III. Prevention of Osteoporosis
- IV. Treatment of Osteoporosis
- A. Bisphosphonates
- B. RANKL inhibitor
- C. Parathyroid agents
- D. Sclerostin inhibitor
- E. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- F. Calcitonin
- Chapter 27: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 28: Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
- I. Overview
- II. Selection of Antimicrobial Agents
- A. Identification of the infecting microorganism
- B. Empiric antimicrobial therapy
- C. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility
- D. Effect of the site of infection on therapy
- E. Patient factors
- F. Safety of the agent
- G. Cost of therapy
- III. Route of Administration
- IV. Determinants of Rational Dosing
- A. Concentration-dependent killing
- B. Time-dependent (Concentration-independent) killing
- C. Postantibiotic effect
- V. Chemotherapeutic Spectra
- A. Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials
- B. Extended-spectrum antimicrobials
- C. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials
- VI. Combinations of Antimicrobial Drugs
- A. Advantages of drug combinations
- B. Disadvantages of drug combinations
- VII. Drug Resistance
- A. Genetic alterations leading to drug resistance
- B. Altered expression of proteins in drug-resistant microorganisms
- VIII. Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobials
- IX. Complications of Antimicrobial Therapy
- A. Hypersensitivity
- B. Direct toxicity
- X. Classification of Antimicrobial Agents
- Chapter 28: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 29: Cell Wall Inhibitors
- I. Overview
- II. Penicillins
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse reactions
- III. Cephalosporins
- A. Antibacterial spectrum
- B. Resistance
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- IV. Other β-Lactam Antibiotics
- A. Carbapenems
- B. Monobactams
- V. β-Lactamase Inhibitors
- A. Cephalosporin and β-Lactamase inhibitor combinations
- B. Carbapenem/β-Lactamase inhibitor combinations
- VI. Vancomycin
- VII. Lipoglycopeptides
- VIII. Daptomycin
- IX. Fosfomycin
- X. Polymyxins
- Chapter 29: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 30: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- I. Overview
- II. Tetracyclines
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- III. Glycylcyclines
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- IV. Aminoglycosides
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- V. Macrolides
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- VI. Fidaxomicin
- VII. Clindamycin
- VIII. Oxazolidinones
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- IX. Lefamulin
- X. Chloramphenicol
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- XI. Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- Chapter 30: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 31: Quinolones, Folic Acid Antagonists, and Urinary Tract Antiseptics
- I. Fluoroquinolones
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antimicrobial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse reactions
- F. Examples of clinically useful fluoroquinolones
- II. Folate Antagonists
- III. Sulfonamides
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- IV. Trimethoprim
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- V. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- A. Mechanism of action
- B. Antibacterial spectrum
- C. Resistance
- D. Pharmacokinetics
- E. Adverse effects
- VI. Urinary Tract Antiseptics/Antimicrobials
- A. Methenamine
- B. Nitrofurantoin
- C. Fosfomycin
- Chapter 31: Multple Choice Question
- I. Fluoroquinolones
- Chapter 32: Antimycobacterial Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis
- A. Strategies for addressing drug resistance
- B. Isoniazid
- C. Rifamycins: rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine
- D. Pyrazinamide
- E. Ethambutol
- F. Alternate second-line drugs
- III. Drugs for Leprosy
- A. Dapsone
- B. Clofazimine
- Chapter 32: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 33: Antifungal Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Drugs for Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycotic Infections
- A. Amphotericin B
- B. Antimetabolite antifungals
- C. Azole antifungals
- D. Fluconazole
- E. Itraconazole
- F. Posaconazole
- G. Voriconazole
- H. Isavuconazole
- I. Echinocandins
- III. Drugs for Cutaneous Mycotic Infections
- A. Squalene epoxidase inhibitors
- B. Griseofulvin
- C. Nystatin
- D. Imidazoles
- E. Efinaconazole
- F. Ciclopirox
- G. Tavaborole
- H. Tolnaftate
- Chapter 33: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 34: Antiviral Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Treatment of Respiratory Viral Infections
- A. Neuraminidase inhibitors
- B. Endonucleotide inhibitor
- C. Adamantane antivirals
- D. Ribavirin
- E. Remdesivir
- III. Treatment of Hepatic Viral Infections
- IV. Treatment of Hepatitis B
- A. Interferons
- B. Lamivudine
- C. Adefovir
- D. Entecavir
- V. Treatment of Hepatitis C
- A. NS3/NS4A protease inhibitors
- B. NS5B polymerase inhibitors
- C. NS5A replication complex inhibitors
- D. Ribavirin
- VI. Treatment of Herpes Virus Infections
- A. Acyclovir
- B. Cidofovir
- C. Foscarnet
- D. Ganciclovir
- E. Penciclovir and famciclovir
- F. Trifluridine
- VII. Treatment of HIV Infection
- VIII. NRTIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
- A. Overview of NRTIs
- IX. NNRTIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
- X. PIs Used to Treat HIV Infection
- A. Overview of PIs
- B. Atazanavir
- C. Darunavir
- XI. Entry Inhibitors
- A. Fostemsavir
- B. Ibalizumab
- C. Maraviroc
- D. Enfuvirtide
- XII. Integrase Inhibitors
- XIII. Pharmacokinetic Enhancers
- A. Ritonavir
- B. Cobicistat
- Chapter 34: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 35: Antiprotozoal Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Chemotherapy for Amebiasis
- A. Mixed amebicides
- B. Luminal amebicides
- C. Systemic amebicides
- III. Chemotherapy for Malaria
- A. Primaquine
- B. Tafenoquine
- C. Chloroquine
- D. Atovaquone–proguanil
- E. Mefloquine
- F. Quinine
- G. Artemisinin
- H. Pyrimethamine
- IV. Chemotherapy for Babesiosis
- V. Chemotherapy for Trypanosomiasis
- A. Pentamidine
- B. Suramin
- C. Melarsoprol
- D. Eflornithine
- E. Nifurtimox
- F. Benznidazole
- VI. Chemotherapy for Leishmaniasis
- A. Sodium stibogluconate
- B. Miltefosine
- VII. Chemotherapy for Toxoplasmosis
- VIII. Chemotherapy for Giardiasis
- Chapter 35: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 36: Anthelmintic Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Drugs for the Treatment of Nematodes
- A. Mebendazole
- B. Pyrantel pamoate
- C. Ivermectin
- D. Moxidectin
- E. Diethylcarbamazine
- III. Drugs for the Treatment of Trematodes
- A. Praziquantel
- B. Triclabendazole
- IV. Drugs for the Treatment of Cestodes
- A. Niclosamide
- B. Albendazole
- Chapter 36: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 37: Anticancer Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy
- A. Goals of treatment
- B. Indications for treatment
- C. Chemotherapy regimens
- D. Tumor susceptibility and the growth cycle
- E. Log kill phenomenon
- F. Pharmacologic sanctuaries
- G. Resistance to chemotherapy
- H. Adverse effects of chemotherapy
- III. Antimetabolites
- A. Methotrexate, pemetrexed, and pralatrexate
- B. 6-Mercaptopurine
- C. Fludarabine
- D. 5-Fluorouracil
- E. Capecitabine
- F. Cytarabine
- G. Azacitidine
- H. Gemcitabine
- IV. Antitumor Antibiotics
- A. Anthracyclines
- B. Bleomycin
- V. Alkylating and Adducting Agents
- A. Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide
- B. Nitrosoureas
- C. Dacarbazine and temozolomide
- D. Platinum coordination complexes
- E. Other alkylating agents
- VI. Microtubule Inhibitors
- A. Vinca alkaloids
- B. Taxanes
- VII. Steroid Hormones and Their Antagonists
- A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- B. Fulvestrant
- C. Aromatase inhibitors
- D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
- E. Antiandrogens
- VIII. Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- A. Camptothecins
- B. Etoposide
- IX. Antibodies
- X. Kinase Inhibitors
- XI. Immunotherapy
- XII. Cellular and Gene Therapy Products
- A. Gene therapies
- B. Cellular products
- XIII. Miscellaneous Agents
- A. Abiraterone acetate
- B. Immunomodulating agents
- C. Proteasome inhibitors
- Chapter 37: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 38: Immunosuppressants
- I. Overview
- A. Rationale for use of immunosuppressants
- B. Immune activation cascade
- C. Basic principles of immunosuppressant therapy in transplantation
- II. Immunosuppressant Drugs for Induction and Rejection
- A. Alemtuzumab
- B. Antithymocyte globulins
- C. Basiliximab
- D. Rituximab
- E. Bortezomib
- F. Intravenous immunoglobulin
- III. Maintenance Immunosuppressant Medications
- A. Calcineurin inhibitors
- B. Costimulation blocker
- C. mTOR inhibitors
- D. Antiproliferatives
- E. Corticosteroids
- IV. Other Immunosuppressant Medications
- A. Belimumab
- B. Eculizumab
- C. Tofacitinib
- Chapter 38: Multple Choice Question
- I. Overview
- Chapter 39: Histamine and Serotonin
- I. Overview
- II. Histamine
- A. Location, synthesis, and release of histamine
- B. Mechanism of action
- C. Role in allergy and anaphylaxis
- III. Histamine H1-Receptor Blockers (Antihistamines)
- A. Actions
- B. Therapeutic uses
- C. Pharmacokinetics
- D. Adverse effects
- IV. Histamine H2-Receptor Blockers
- V. Serotonin
- A. Location, synthesis, and release of serotonin
- B. Mechanism of action
- C. Therapeutic uses
- VI. Drugs Used to Treat Headache Disorders
- A. Biologic basis of migraine headaches
- B. Symptomatic treatment of acute migraine
- C. Prophylaxis for migraine headache
- D. Drugs for tension and cluster headache
- Chapter 39: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 40: Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Agents
- I. Overview
- II. Prostaglandins
- A. Role of prostaglandins as local mediators
- B. Synthesis of prostaglandins
- C. Actions of prostaglandins
- D. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins
- E. Alprostadil
- F. Lubiprostone
- G. Misoprostol
- H. Prostaglandin E2 analogs
- I. Prostaglandin F2α analogs
- J. Prostacyclin (PGI2) analogs
- III. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- A. Aspirin and other NSAIDs
- B. Celecoxib
- IV. Acetaminophen
- A. Therapeutic uses
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Adverse effects
- V. Traditional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- A. Methotrexate
- B. Hydroxychloroquine
- C. Leflunomide
- D. Sulfasalazine
- E. Glucocorticoids
- VI. Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- A. Adalimumab
- B. Certolizumab
- C. Etanercept
- D. Golimumab
- E. Infliximab
- F. Tocilizumab and sarilumab
- G. Abatacept
- H. Rituximab
- VII. Other Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis
- VIII. Drugs Used for the Treatment of Gout
- A. Treatment of acute gout
- B. Treatment of chronic gout
- C. Colchicine
- D. Allopurinol
- E. Febuxostat
- F. Probenecid
- G. Pegloticase
- Chapter 40: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 41: Drugs for Disorders of the Respiratory System
- I. Overview
- II. Preferred Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
- A. Pathophysiology of asthma
- B. Goals of therapy
- C. Corticosteroids
- D. β2-adrenergic agonists
- III. Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma
- A. Leukotriene modifiers
- B. Cromolyn
- C. Cholinergic antagonists
- D. Theophylline
- E. Monoclonal antibodies
- IV. Drugs Used to Treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- A. Bronchodilators
- B. Corticosteroids
- C. Other agents
- V. Inhaler Technique
- A. Metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers
- B. Spacers
- VI. Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Rhinitis
- A. Antihistamines
- B. Corticosteroids
- C. α-adrenergic agonists
- D. Other agents
- VII. Drugs Used to Treat Cough
- A. Opioids
- B. Benzonatate
- C. Guaifenesin
- D. Acetylcysteine
- E. Dornase alfa
- Chapter 41: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 42: Gastrointestinal and Antiemetic Drugs
- I. Overview
- II. Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- A. Antimicrobial agents
- B. H2 receptor antagonists
- C. Inhibitors of the H+/K+-ATPase proton pump
- D. Prostaglandins
- E. Antacids
- F. Mucosal protective agents
- III. Drugs Used to Control Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
- A. Mechanisms that trigger vomiting
- B. Emetic actions of chemotherapeutic agents
- C. Antiemetic drugs
- IV. Antidiarrheals
- A. Antimotility agents
- B. Adsorbents
- C. Agents that modify fluid and electrolyte transport
- V. Laxatives
- A. Irritants and stimulants
- B. Bulk laxatives
- C. Saline and osmotic laxatives
- D. Stool softeners (emollient laxatives or surfactants)
- E. Lubricant laxatives
- F. Chloride channel activators
- VI. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- VII. Drugs Used to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- A. 5-Aminosalicylates
- B. Corticosteroids
- C. Biologic agents
- D. Janus kinase inhibitors
- E. Immunomodulators
- Chapter 42: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 43: Drugs for Urologic Disorders
- I. Overview
- II. Drugs Used to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
- A. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
- B. Alprostadil
- III. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- A. α1-adrenergic antagonists
- B. 5α-reductase inhibitors
- C. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor
- Chapter 43: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 44: Drugs for Anemia
- I. Overview
- II. Agents Used to Treat Anemias
- A. Iron
- B. Folic acid (folate)
- C. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12)
- D. Erythropoietin and darbepoetin
- III. Agents Used to Treat Neutropenia
- IV. Agents Used to Treat Sickle Cell Disease
- A. Hydroxyurea
- B. Crizanlizumab
- C. Voxelotor
- Chapter 44: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 45: Drugs for Dermatologic Disorders
- I. Overview
- II. Topical Preparations
- III. Agents for Acne
- A. Antibiotics
- B. Azelaic acid
- C. Benzoyl peroxide
- D. Dapsone
- E. Retinoids
- F. Salicylic acid
- G. Sulfacetamide sodium
- IV. Agents for Superficial Bacterial Infections
- A. Bacitracin
- B. Gentamicin
- C. Mupirocin
- D. Neomycin
- E. Ozenoxacin
- F. Polymyxin
- G. Retapamulin
- V. Agents Used for Rosacea
- A. Brimonidine
- B. Doxycycline
- C. Ivermectin
- D. Metronidazole
- E. Minocycline
- F. Oxymetazoline
- VI. Agents for Pigmentation Disorders
- A. Hydroquinone
- B. Methoxsalen
- C. Tazarotene
- VII. Agents for Psoriasis
- A. Apremilast
- B. Biologic agents
- C. Keratolytic agents
- D. Methotrexate
- E. Retinoids
- F. Topical corticosteroids
- G. Vitamin D analogs
- VIII. Agents for Alopecia
- A. Finasteride
- B. Minoxidil
- Chapter 45: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 46: Clinical Toxicology
- I. Overview
- II. Emergency Treatment of the Poisoned Patient
- A. Decontamination
- B. Elimination enhancement
- III. Select Pharmaceutical and Occupational Toxicities
- A. Acetaminophen
- B. Alcohols
- C. Carbon monoxide
- D. Cyanide
- E. Iron
- F. Lead
- G. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
- IV. Antidotes
- Chapter 46: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 47: Drugs of Abuse
- I. Overview
- II. Sympathomimetics
- A. Cocaine
- B. Amphetamines
- C. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- D. Synthetic cathinones
- III. Hallucinogens
- A. D-lysergic acid diethylamide
- B. Dissociative hallucinogens
- C. Other hallucinogens
- IV. Cannabis (Marijuana)
- A. Marijuana
- B. Synthetic THC derivatives
- C. Synthetic cannabinoids
- V. Ethanol and Agents for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
- A. Ethanol
- B. Drugs for alcohol dependence
- VI. Prescription Drug Misuse
- Chapter 47: Multple Choice Question
- Chapter 48: Pharmacogenomics
- I. Overview
- II. Pharmacogenomics
- A. Definitions
- B. Pharmacogenomic resources
- III. Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
- A. CYP2C19
- B. CYP2D6
- C. CYP2C9
- IV. Drug Transporters
- A. ATP-binding cassette transporters
- B. Solute carrier transporters
- V. Hypersensitivity Reactions
- A. Human leukocyte antigen
- B. RYR1
- VI. Implementation
- Chapter 48: Multple Choice Question
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
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