Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• About the Authors
• Connect Page
• A Modern Approach to Microbiology
• Student-Friendly Organization
• Chapter Highlights
• Acknowledgements
• Table of Contents
• Chapter 1    The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology
  • 1.1   Members of the Microbial World
  • 1.2   Microbes Have Evolved and Diversified for Billions of Years
  • 1.3   Microbiology Advanced as New Tools for Studying Microbes Were Developed
  • 1.4   Microbiology Encompasses Many Subdisciplines
• Chapter 2    Microscopy
  • 2.1   Lenses Create Images by Bending Light
  • 2.2   There Are Several Types of Light Microscopes
  • 2.3   Staining Helps to Visualize and Identify Microbes
  • 2.4   Electron Microscopes Use Beams of Electrons to Create Highly Magnified Images
• Chapter 3    Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure
  • 3.1   Use of the Term “Prokaryote” Is Controversial
  • 3.2   Bacteria and Archaea Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
  • 3.3   The Plasma Membrane Controls What Enters and Leaves the Cell
  • 3.4   Cell Walls Have Many Functions
  • 3.5   The Cell Envelope Often Includes Layers Outside the Cell Wall
  • 3.6   The Cytoplasm Is More Complex than Once Thought
  • 3.7   External Structures Are Used for Motility and Attachment
  • 3.8   Cells Move in Response to Environmental Conditions
  • 3.9   Bacterial Endospores Are a Survival Strategy
• Chapter 4    Eukaryotic Cell Structure
  • 4.1   Eukaryotic Cells Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
  • 4.2   Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes
  • 4.3   The Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains a Cytoskeleton and Organelles
  • 4.4   Several Organelles Function in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
  • 4.5   The Nucleus and Ribosomes Are Involved in Genetic Control of the Cell
  • 4.6   Mitochondria, Related Organelles, and Chloroplasts Are Involved in Energy Conservation
  • 4.7   Many Eukaryotic Microbes Have External Structures Used for Motility
• Chapter 5    Bacterial and Archaeal Growth
  • 5.1   Most Bacteria and Archaea Reproduce by Binary Fission
  • 5.2   Bacterial Cell Cycles Can Be Divided into Three Phases
  • 5.3   Archaeal Cell Cycles Are Unique
  • 5.4   Growth Curves Consist of Five Phases
  • 5.5   Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth
  • 5.6   Microbial Growth in Natural Environments
  • 5.7   Laboratory Culture of Microbes Requires Conditions That Mimic the Normal Habitat of a Microbe
  • 5.8   Microbial Population Size Can Be Measured Directly or Indirectly
  • 5.9   Chemostats and Turbidostats Are Used for Continuous Culture of Microorganisms
  • 5.10   Growing Microbes in Industrial Settings Presents Challenges
• Chapter 6    Introduction to Metabolism
  • 6.1   Metabolism: Important Principles
  • 6.2   ATP: The Major Energy Currency of Cells
  • 6.3   Redox Reactions: Reactions of Central Importance in Metabolism
  • 6.4   Electron Transport Chains: Sets of Sequential Redox Reactions
  • 6.5   Biochemical Pathways: Sets of Linked Chemical Reactions
  • 6.6   Enzymes and Ribozymes Speed Up Cellular Chemical Reactions
  • 6.7   Metabolism Must Be Regulated to Maintain Homeostasis
• Chapter 7    Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation
  • 7.1   Metabolic Diversity and Nutritional Types
  • 7.2   There Are Three Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes
  • 7.3   Aerobic Respiration Can Be Divided into Three Steps
  • 7.4   Glucose to Pyruvate: The First Step
  • 7.5   Pyruvate to Carbon Dioxide (Step 2) Is Accomplished by the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  • 7.6   Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Step 3) Generate the Most ATP
  • 7.7   Anaerobic Respiration Uses the Same Three Steps as Aerobic Respiration
  • 7.8   Fermentation Does Not Involve an Electron Transport Chain
  • 7.9   Catabolism of Organic Molecules Other Than Glucose
  • 7.10   Chemolithotrophy: “Eating Rocks”
  • 7.11   Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation
  • 7.12   Phototrophy
• Chapter 8    Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis
  • 8.1   Principles Governing Biosynthesis
  • 8.2   Precursor Metabolites: Starting Molecules for Biosynthesis
  • 8.3   CO2 Fixation: Reduction and Assimilation of CO2 Carbon
  • 8.4   Synthesis of Carbohydrates
  • 8.5   Synthesis of Amino Acids Consumes Many Precursor Metabolites
  • 8.6   Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides
  • 8.7   Lipid Synthesis
• Chapter 9    Genome Replication
  • 9.1   Experiments Using Bacteria and Viruses Demonstrated that DNA Is the Genetic Material
  • 9.2   Nucleic Acid Structure
  • 9.3   DNA Replication in Bacteria
  • 9.4   DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Archaea
• Chapter 10    Gene Expression
  • 10.1   Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids
  • 10.2   Bacterial Genes Consist of Coding Regions and Other Sequences Important for Gene Function
  • 10.3   Transcription in Bacteria
  • 10.4   The Genetic Code Consists of Three-Letter “Words”
  • 10.5   Translation in Bacteria
  • 10.6   Protein Maturation and Secretion
  • 10.7   Gene Expression in Eukaryotes and Archaea
• Chapter 11    Regulation of Cellular Processes
  • 11.1   Bacteria Use Many Regulatory Options
  • 11.2   Regulation of Transcription Initiation Saves Considerable Energy and Materials
  • 11.3   Attenuation and Riboswitches Stop Transcription Prematurely
  • 11.4   Riboswitches and Small RNAs Control Translation
  • 11.5   Mechanisms Used for Global Regulation
  • 11.6   Bacteria Combine Several Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Complex Cellular Processes
  • 11.7   Regulation of Cellular Processes in Eukaryotes and Archaea
• Chapter 12    Mechanisms of Genetic Variation
  • 12.1   Mutations: Heritable Changes in a Genome
  • 12.2   Detection and Isolation of Mutants
  • 12.3   DNA Repair Maintains Genome Stability
  • 12.4   Microbes Use Mechanisms Other than Mutation to Create Genetic Variability
  • 12.5   Transposable Elements Move Genes Within and Between DNA Molecules
  • 12.6   Bacterial Conjugation Requires Cell-Cell Contact
  • 12.7   Bacterial Transformation Is the Uptake of Free DNA from the Environment
  • 12.8   Transduction Is Virus-Mediated DNA Transfer
  • 12.9   Evolution in Action: The Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
• Chapter 13    Gram-Positive Bacteria
  • 13.1   Class Actinobacteria
  • 13.2   Class Bacilli: Aerobic Endospore-­Forming Bacteria
  • 13.3   Class Clostridia: Anaerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria
  • 13.4   Class Negativicutes: Gram-Positive Bacteria with Outer Membranes
  • 13.5   Firmicutes and Dental Disease
• Chapter 14    Proteobacteria
  • 14.1   Class Alphaproteobacteria Includes Many Oligotrophs
  • 14.2   Class Betaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophs and Chemolithotrophs
  • 14.3   Class Gammaproteobacteria Is the Largest Bacterial Class
  • 14.4   Class Deltaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophic Anaerobes and Predators
  • 14.5   Class Epsilonproteobacteria Ranges from Pathogens to Deep-Sea Bacteria
• Chapter 15    Nonproteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
  • 15.1   Aquificae and Thermotogae Are Ancient Bacterial Lineages
  • 15.2   Deinococcus-Thermus Includes ­ Radiation-Resistant Bacteria
  • 15.3   Class Mollicutes, Phylum Tenericutes: Bacteria That Lack Cell Walls
  • 15.4   Photosynthetic Bacteria Are Diverse
  • 15.5   Superphylum Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae: Atypical Cell Division
  • 15.6   Phylum Spirochaetes: Bacteria with a Corkscrew Morphology
  • 15.7   Phylum Bacteroidetes Includes Important Gut Microbiota
  • 15.8   Phylum Fusobacteria: Commensal Anaerobes
• Chapter 16    Archaea
  • 16.1   Overview of Archaea
  • 16.2   Proteoarchaeota, or TACK Superphylum
  • 16.3   Phylum Euryarchaeota: Methanogens, Haloarchaea, and Others
• Chapter 17    Eukaryotic Microbes
  • 17.1   Protist Diversity Reflects Broad Phylogeny
  • 17.2   Supergroup Excavata: Primitive Eukaryotes
  • 17.3   Supergroup Amoebozoa Includes Protists with Pseudopodia
  • 17.4   Supergroup SAR: Protists of Global Importance
  • 17.5   Supergroup Archaeplastida Includes Green Algae
  • 17.6   Fungal Biology Reflects Vast Diversity
  • 17.7   Chytridiomycetes Produce Motile Spores
  • 17.8   Zygomycetes: Fungi with Coenocytic Hyphae
  • 17.9   Glomeromycota Are Mycorrhizal Symbionts
  • 17.10   Ascomycota Includes Yeasts and Molds
  • 17.11   Basidiomycota Includes Mushrooms and Plant Pathogens
  • 17.12   Microsporidia Are Intracellular Parasites
• Chapter 18    Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents
  • 18.1   Viruses Are Acellular
  • 18.2   Virion Structure Is Defined by Capsid Symmetry and Presence or Absence of an Envelope
  • 18.3   Viral Life Cycles Have Five Steps
  • 18.4   There Are Several Types of Viral Infections
  • 18.5   Cultivation and Enumeration of Viruses
  • 18.6   Virus Phylogeny Is Difficult to Establish
  • 18.7   Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Infect All Cell Types
  • 18.8   Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles
  • 18.9   Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA
  • 18.10   Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes That Can Be Translated upon Entry
  • 18.11   Negative-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of the Virion
  • 18.12   Retroviruses: Positive-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles
  • 18.13   Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses
  • 18.14   Viroids and Satellites: Nucleic Acid-Based Subviral Agents
  • 18.15   Prions Are Composed Only of Protein
• Chapter 19    Microbial Interactions
  • 19.1   Many Types of Microbial Interactions Exist
  • 19.2   Mutualism and Cooperation Are Two-Way Interactions
  • 19.3   Commensalism and Amensalism Are One-Way Interactions
  • 19.4   Antagonistic Interactions Characterize Predation, Parasitism, and Competition
• Chapter 20    Biogeochemical Cycling and Global Climate Change
  • 20.1   Biogeochemical Cycling Sustains Life on Earth
  • 20.2   Global Climate Change: Biogeochemical Cycling Out of Balance
• Chapter 21    Microorganisms in Natural Ecosystems
  • 21.1   Water Is the Largest Microbial Habitat
  • 21.2   Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems
  • 21.3   Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystems
  • 21.4   Soils Are an Important Microbial Habitat
  • 21.5   Diverse Microorganisms Inhabit Soil
  • 21.6   Microbe-Plant Interactions Can Be Positive, Negative, or Neutral
• Chapter 22    Innate Host Resistance
  • 22.1   Immunity Arises from Innate Resistance and Adaptive Defenses
  • 22.2   Innate Resistance Starts with Barriers
  • 22.3   Innate Resistance Relies on Chemical Mediators
  • 22.4   Each Type of Innate Immune Cell Has a Specific Function
  • 22.5   Secondary Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Connect Innate and Adaptive Immunity
  • 22.6   Phagocytosis Destroys Invaders
  • 22.7   Inflammation Unites All Components of Immunity
• Chapter 23    Adaptive Immunity
  • 23.1   Adaptive Immunity Relies on Recognition and Memory
  • 23.2   Antigens Elicit Immunity
  • 23.3   Adaptive Immunity Can Be Earned or Borrowed
  • 23.4   Recognition of Foreignness Is Critical for a Strong Defense
  • 23.5   T Cells Are Critical for Immune Function
  • 23.6   B Cells Make Antibodies
  • 23.7   Antibodies Bind Specific 3-D Antigens
  • 23.8   Antibodies Doom Antigens
  • 23.9   Immune Tolerance Is a Must
  • 23.10   The Immune System Can Malfunction
• Chapter 24    The Human Microbiome and Host Interactions
  • 24.1   Humans Are Holobionts
  • 24.2   The Microbiome Develops from Birth to Adulthood
  • 24.3   A Functional Core Microbiome Is Required for Human Homeostasis
  • 24.4   Many Diseases Are Linked to Dysbiosis
  • 24.5   Microbiome Manipulation Can Be Therapeutic
• Chapter 25    Infection and Pathogenicity
  • 25.1   The Process of Infection
  • 25.2   Transmission and Entry into the Host
  • 25.3   Surviving the Host Defenses
  • 25.4   Damage to the Host
• Chapter 26    Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology
  • 26.1   Epidemiology Is an Evidence-Based Science
  • 26.2   Epidemiology Is Rooted in Well-Tested Methods
  • 26.3   Infectious Disease Is Revealed Through Patterns Within a Population
  • 26.4   Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Are Emerging and Reemerging
  • 26.5   Health-Care Facilities Harbor Infectious Agents
  • 26.6   Coordinated Efforts Are Required to Prevent and Control Epidemics
  • 26.7   Bioterrorism Readiness Is an Integral Component of Public Health Microbiology
• Chapter 27    Control of Microorganisms in the Environment
  • 27.1   Microbial Growth and Replication: Targets for Control
  • 27.2   Physical Control Methods Isolate or Kill Microorganisms
  • 27.3   Microorganisms Are Controlled with Chemical Agents
  • 27.4   Antimicrobial Agents Must Be Evaluated for Effectiveness
  • 27.5   Microorganisms Can Be Controlled by Biological Methods
• Chapter 28    Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • 28.1   Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Evolved from Antisepsis Efforts
  • 28.2   Antimicrobial Drugs Have Selective Toxicity
  • 28.3   Antimicrobial Activity Can Be Measured by Specific Tests
  • 28.4   Antibacterial Drugs
  • 28.5   Antiviral Drugs
  • 28.6   Antifungal Drugs
  • 28.7   Antiprotozoan Drugs
  • 28.8   Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Is a Public Health Threat
• Chapter 29    Microbiology of Food
  • 29.1   Microbial Growth Can Cause Food Spoilage
  • 29.2   Various Methods Are Used to Control Food Spoilage
  • 29.3   Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks
  • 29.4   Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens Requires Government-Industry Cooperation
  • 29.5   Microbiology of Fermented Foods: Beer, Cheese, and Much More
• Chapter 30    Industrial and Environmental Microbiology
  • 30.1   Microbes Are the Source of Many Products of Industrial Importance
  • 30.2   Biofuel Production Is a Dynamic Field
  • 30.3   Microbial Fuel Cells: Batteries Powered by Microbes
  • 30.4   Agricultural Biotechnology Relies on a Plant Pathogen
  • 30.5   Purification and Sanitary Analysis Ensure Safe Drinking Water
  • 30.6   Wastewater Treatment Maintains Human and Environmental Health
  • 30.7   Biodegradation and Bioremediation Harness Microbes to Clean the Environment
• Chapter 31    Microbial DNA Technologies
  • 31.1   Key Discoveries Led to the Development of DNA Cloning Technology
  • 31.2   Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Targeted DNA
  • 31.3   Genomic and Metagenomic Libraries: Cloning Genomes in Pieces
  • 31.4   Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells
  • 31.5   Cas9 Nuclease Is a Precise Tool for Genome Editing
  • 31.6   Biotechnology Develops Custom Microbes for Industrial Use
• Chapter 32    Microbial Genomics
  • 32.1   DNA Sequencing Methods
  • 32.2   Genome Sequencing
  • 32.3   Metagenomics Provides Access to Uncultured Microbes
  • 32.4   Bioinformatics: What Does the Sequence Mean?
  • 32.5   Functional Genomics Links Genes to Phenotype
  • 32.6   Systems Biology: Making and Testing Complex Predictions
• Chapter 33    Methods in Microbial Biology
  • 33.1   Microbial Biology Relies on Cultures
  • 33.2   Microbial Identification Is Largely Based on Molecular Characterization
  • 33.3   Assessing Microbial Diversity
  • 33.4   Assessing Microbial Community Activity
• Chapter 34    Clinical Microbiology and Immunology
  • 34.1   The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Detects Infectious Agents and Protects Its Workers
  • 34.2   Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens
  • 34.3   Immune Responses Can Be Exploited to Detect Infections
• Appendix I
• Appendix II
• Appendix III
• Glossary
• Index

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