Efnisyfirlit

• Table of Contents and Preface
  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Information
  • Brief Contents
    • unit I. Introduction
    • unit II. Patterns of Inheritance
    • unit III. Molecular Structure AND Replication of the Genetic Material
    • unit IV. Molecular Properties of Genes
    • unit V. Genetic Technologies
    • unit VI. Genetic Analysis of Individuals and Populations
  • Table of Contents
    • unit I. Introduction 1
    • unit II. Patterns of Inheritance 21
    • unit III. Molecular Structure AND Replication of the Genetic Material 217
    • unit IV. Molecular Properties of Genes 298
    • unit V. Genetic Technologies 530
    • unit VI. Genetic Analysis of Individuals and Populations 631
  • About the Author
  • Dedication
  • Preface
    • How We Evaluated Your Needs
  • Significant Content Changes in the Eighth Edition
    • Examples of Specific Content Changes to Individual Chapters in the 8th Edition
    • Suggestions Welcome!
  • Acknowledgments
  • Reviewers
  • Connect
    • Instructors The Power of Connections
    • Students Get Learning that Fits You
  • Connect® Remote Proctoring & Browser-Locking Capabilities
• Chapter 1: Overview of Genetics
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • Overview of Genetics
  • 1.1 The Molecular Expression of Genes
    • Living Cells Are Composed of Biochemicals
    • Each Cell Contains Many Different Proteins That Determine Cell Structure and Function
    • DNA Stores the Information for Protein Synthesis
    • The Information in DNA Is Accessed During the Process of Gene Expression
  • 1.2 The Relationship Between Genes and Traits
    • The Molecular Expression of Genes Leads to an Organism’s Traits
    • Inherited Differences in Traits Are Due to Genetic Variation
    • Traits Are Governed by Genes and by the Environment
    • During Reproduction, Genes Are Passed from Parent to Offspring
    • The Genetic Composition of a Species Evolves from Generation to Generation
  • 1.3 Fields of Genetics
    • Model Organisms Are Species That Are Studied by Many Different Researchers
    • Transmission Genetics Explores the Inheritance Patterns of Traits as They Are Passed from Parents to Offspring
    • Molecular Genetics Focuses on a Biochemical Understanding of the Hereditary Material
    • Population Genetics Is Concerned with Genetic Variation and Its Role in Evolution
  • 1.4 The Science of Genetics
    • Genetics Is an Experimental Science
    • Genetic TIPS Will Help You to Improve Your Problem-Solving Skills
  • 1.5 Gender Identity Versus Sex
    • Gender Identity Is a Person’s Perception of Their Own Gender
    • Sex Is Rooted in Anatomical and Cellular Characteristics
    • Different Relationships May Occur Between Gender Identity and Sex
    • Sexual Orientation Is a Person’s Attraction to Someone Else
  • 1.6 The Meaning of Normal in Genetics
    • In Genetics, Normal Means Common
    • Rare Genetic Variation May Be Beneficial, Neutral, or Detrimental
  • Chapter 1 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 2: Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction
  • Chapter 2 Introduction
    • Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction
  • 2.1 General Features of Chromosomes
    • Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Examined Cytologically to Prepare a Karyotype
    • Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Inherited in Sets
  • 2.2 Cell Division
    • Bacteria Reproduce Asexually by Binary Fission
    • Eukaryotic Cells Advance Through a Cell Cycle to Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells
  • 2.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
    • The Mitotic Spindle Apparatus Organizes and Sorts Eukaryotic Chromosomes
    • The Transmission of Chromosomes During the Division of Eukaryotic Cells Requires a Process Known as Mitosis
  • 2.4 Meiosis
    • Meiosis Produces Cells That Are Haploid
  • 2.5 Sexual Reproduction
    • In Animals, Spermatogenesis Produces Four Haploid Sperm Cells and Oogenesis Produces a Single Haploid Egg Cell
    • Plant Species Alternate Between Haploid (Gametophyte) and Diploid (Sporophyte) Generations
  • 2.6 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
    • Sex Differences May Depend on the Presence of Sex Chromosomes or on the Number of Sets of Chromosomes
    • Sex Differences May Depend on the Environment
    • Dioecious Plant Species Have Opposite Sexes
  • Chapter 2 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 3: Mendelian Inheritance
  • Chapter 3 Introduction
  • 3.1 Mendel’s Study of Pea Plants
    • Sexual Reproduction in Pea Plants Occurs Via Pollination and Fertilization
    • Pea Plants Can Reproduce by Cross-Fertilization or Self-Fertilization
    • Mendel Studied Seven Characteristics That Differed Among Strains of Pea Plants
  • 3.2 Law of Segregation
    • A 3:1 Phenotypic Ratio Is Consistent with the Law of Segregation
    • A Punnett Square Can Be Used to Predict the Outcome of Crosses and Self-Fertilization Experiments
  • 3.3 Law of Independent Assortment
    • Mendel’s Two-Factor Crosses Led to the Law of Independent Assortment
    • Independent Assortment Promotes Genetic Diversity
    • A Punnett Square Can Be Used to Solve Independent Assortment Problems
    • The Forked-Line and Multiplication Methods Can Also Be Used to Solve Independent Assortment Problems
  • 3.4 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
    • The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance Relates the Behavior of Chromosomes to the Mendelian Inheritance of Traits
    • The Law of Segregation Is Explained by the Separation of Homologs During Meiosis
    • The Law of Independent Assortment Is Explained by the Random Alignment of Homologs During Meiosis
  • 3.5 Studying Inheritance Patterns in Humans
  • 3.6 Probability and Statistics
    • Probability Is the Likelihood That an Outcome Will Occur
    • The Product Rule Is Used to Predict the Probability of Independent Outcomes
    • The Binomial Expansion Equation Is Used to Predict the Probability of an Unordered Combination of Outcomes
    • The Chi Square Test Is Used to Test the Validity of a Genetic Hypothesis
  • Chapter 3 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 4: Extensions of Mendelian Inheritance
  • Chapter 4 Introduction
  • 4.1 Overview of Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
  • 4.2 Dominant and Recessive Alleles
    • Wild-Type Alleles Are Common in a Population
    • Recessive Mutant Alleles Often Cause a Reduction in the Amount or Function of the Coded Proteins
    • Dominant Mutant Alleles Usually Exert Their Effects in One of Three Ways
    • Traits May Skip a Generation Due to Incomplete Penetrance and Vary in Their Expressivity
  • 4.3 Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
  • 4.4 Incomplete Dominance, Heterozygote Advantage, and Codominance
    • Incomplete Dominance Occurs When Two Alleles Produce an Intermediate Phenotype
    • Our Conclusions About Dominance May Depend on the Level of Examination
    • Heterozygote Advantage Occurs When Heterozygotes Have Greater Reproductive Success
    • Alleles of the ABO Blood Group Can Be Dominant, Recessive, or Codominant
  • 4.5 Genes on Sex Chromosomes
    • The Inheritance Pattern of X-Linked Genes Can Be Revealed by Reciprocal Crosses
    • Genes Located on Mammalian Sex Chromosomes Can Be Transmitted in an X-Linked, a Y-Linked, or a Pseudoautosomal Pattern
  • 4.6 Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Inheritance
    • Some Traits Are Limited to One Sex
  • 4.7 Lethal Alleles
  • 4.8 Understanding Complex Phenotypes Caused by Mutations in Single Genes
    • Pleiotropy Occurs When the Expression of a Single Gene Has Two or More Phenotypic Effects
    • Certain Coat-Color Patterns in Dogs Are Determined by Events During Embryonic Development
  • 4.9 Gene Interactions
    • Gene Interaction Can Exhibit Epistasis and Complementation
    • Feather Coloration in Parakeets Provides an Example of Gene Modification
    • Due to Gene Redundancy, Loss-of-Function Alleles May Have No Effect on Phenotype
  • Chapter 4 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 5: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
  • Chapter 5 Introduction
  • 5.1 Maternal Effect
    • The Genotype of the Female Parent Determines the Phenotype of the Offspring for Maternal Effect Genes
    • Oocytes Receive Gene Products That Affect Early Developmental Stages of the Embryo
  • 5.2 Epigenetics: Dosage Compensation
    • Dosage Compensation Results in Similar Levels of Gene Expression Between the Sexes
    • Dosage Compensation Occurs in Female Mammals by the Inactivation of One X Chromosome
    • Mammals Maintain One Active X Chromosome in Their Somatic Cells
    • X-Chromosome Inactivation in Mammals Depends on the X-Inactivation Center and Occurs in Three Phases
  • 5.3 Epigenetics: Genomic Imprinting
    • The Expression of an Imprinted Gene Depends on the Sex of the Parent from Which the Gene Was Inherited
    • The Imprint Is Established During Gametogenesis
    • The Imprinting of Genes Is a Molecular Marking Process That Involves DNA Methylation
    • Imprinting Plays a Role in the Inheritance of Certain Human Genetic Diseases
  • 5.4 Extranuclear Inheritance
    • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain Circular Chromosomes with Many Genes
    • Extranuclear Inheritance Produces Non-Mendelian Results in Reciprocal Crosses
    • The Pattern of Inheritance of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Varies Among Different Species
    • In Most Animals, Mitochondria Are Inherited Via the Egg
    • Many Human Diseases Are Caused by Mitochondrial Mutations
    • Extranuclear Genomes of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Evolved from an Endosymbiotic Relationship
  • Chapter 5 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 6: Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 6 Introduction
  • 6.1 Overview of Linkage
    • Bateson and Punnett Discovered Two Genes That Did Not Assort Independently
  • 6.2 Relationship Between Linkage and Crossing Over
    • Crossing Over May Produce Recombinant Genotypes
    • Morgan Provided Evidence for the Linkage of X-Linked Genes and Proposed That Crossing Over Between X Chromosomes Can Occur
    • The Likelihood of Crossing Over Between Two Genes Depends on the Distance Between Them
    • A Chi Square Test Can Be Used to Distinguish Between Linkage and Independent Assortment
    • Research Studies Provided Evidence That Recombinant Offspring Have Inherited a Chromosome That Is the Product of a Crossover
  • 6.3 Genetic Mapping in Plants and Animals
    • A Testcross Is Conducted to Produce a Genetic Linkage Map
    • Three-Factor Crosses Can Be Used to Determine the Order and Distance Between Linked Genes
    • Interference Can Influence the Number of Double Crossovers That Occur in a Short Region
  • 6.4 Genetic Mapping in Haploid Eukaryotes
  • 6.5 Mitotic Recombination
  • Chapter 6 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 7: Genetic Transfer and Mapping in Bacteria
  • Chapter 7 Introduction
  • 7.1 Overview of Genetic Transfer in Bacteria
  • 7.2 Bacterial Conjugation
    • Bacteria Can Transfer Genetic Material During Conjugation
    • Conjugation Requires Direct Physical Contact
    • An F+ Strain Transfers an F factor to an F− Strain During Conjugation
    • Bacteria May Contain Different Types of Plasmids
  • 7.3 Conjugation and Mapping via Hfr Strains
    • Hfr Strains Have an F Factor Integrated into the Bacterial Chromosome
    • Hfr Strains Can Transfer a Portion of the Bacterial Chromosome to Recipient Cells Via Conjugation
    • A Genetic Map of the E . coli Chromosome Has Been Obtained from Many Conjugation Studies
  • 7.4 Bacterial Transduction
    • Bacteriophages Transfer Genetic Material from One Bacterial Cell to Another via Transduction
  • 7.5 Bacterial Transformation
    • Transformation Involves the Uptake of DNA Molecules into Bacterial Cells
    • Some Bacterial Species Have Evolved Ways to Take Up DNA from Their Own Species
  • 7.6 Medical Relevance of Horizontal Gene Transfer
  • Chapter 7 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
  • Chapter 8 Introduction
  • 8.1 Microscopic Examination of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
  • 8.2 Changes in Chromosome Structure: An Overview
  • 8.3 Deletions and Duplications
    • Deletions Can Happen in Different Ways and Tend to Be Detrimental to an Organism’s Phenotype
    • Duplications Tend to Be Less Harmful Than Deletions
    • Duplications Provide Additional Material for Gene Evolution, Sometimes Leading to the Formation of Gene Families
    • Copy Number Variation Is Relatively Common Among Members of the Same Species
    • Microscopy and Molecular Techniques Are Used to Identify Deletions and Duplications
  • 8.4 Inversions and Translocations
    • Inversions Often Occur Without Phenotypic Consequences
    • Inversion Heterozygotes May Produce Abnormal Chromosomes Due to Crossing Over
    • Translocations Involve Exchanges Between Different Chromosomes
    • Individuals with Reciprocal Translocations May Produce Abnormal Gametes Due to the Segregation of Chromosomes
  • 8.5 Changes in Chromosome Number: An Overview
  • 8.6 Variation in the Number of Chromosomes Within a Set: Aneuploidy
    • Aneuploidy Causes an Imbalance in Gene Expression That Is Often Detrimental to the Phenotype of the Individual
    • Aneuploidy in Humans Causes Detrimental Phenotypes
  • 8.7 Variation in the Number of Sets of Chromosomes
    • Variations in Euploidy Occur Naturally in a Few Animal Species
    • Variations in Euploidy Can Occur in Certain Tissues Within an Animal
    • Variations in Euploidy Are Common in Plants
  • 8.8 Natural and Experimental Mechanisms That Produce Variation in Chromosome Number
    • Meiotic Nondisjunction Can Produce Aneuploidy or Polyploidy
    • Mitotic Nondisjunction or Chromosome Loss Can Produce a Patch of Tissue with an Altered Chromosome Number
    • Changes in Euploidy Can Result in Autopolyploidy, Alloploidy, or Allopolyploidy
    • Experimental Treatments Can Promote Polyploidy
  • Chapter 8 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 9: Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA
  • Chapter 9 Introduction
    • Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA
  • 9.1 Identification of DNA as the Genetic Material
    • Griffith’s Experiments Indicated That Genetic Material Can Transform Streptococcus
    • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Showed That DNA Is the Substance That Transforms Bacteria
    • Hershey and Chase Provided Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic Material of T2 Phage
  • 9.2 Overview of DNA and RNA Structure
  • 9.3 Nucleotide Structure
  • 9.4 Structure of a DNA Strand
  • 9.5 Discovery of the Double Helix
    • A Few Key Events Led to the Discovery of the Double-Helix Structure
    • Watson and Crick Deduced the Double-Helix Structure of DNA
  • 9.6 Structure of the DNA Double Helix
    • The Molecular Structure of the DNA Double Helix Has Several Key Features
    • DNA Forms Alternative Types of Double Helices
  • 9.7 RNA Structure
  • Chapter 9 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 10: Molecular Structure of Chromosomes and Transposable Elements
  • Chapter 10 Introduction
  • 10.1 Organization of Functional Sites Along Prokaryotic Chromosomes
  • 10.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Chromosomes
    • The Formation of Chromosomal Loops Helps Make the Bacterial Chromosome More Compact
    • Some Archaeal Chromosomes Contain Histone Proteins that Form Nucleosomes
    • DNA Supercoiling Further Compacts a Prokaryotic Chromosome
    • Chromosome Function Is Influenced by DNA Supercoiling
  • 10.3 Organization of Functional Sites Along Eukaryotic Chromosomes
  • 10.4 Sizes of Eukaryotic Genomes and Repetitive Sequences
    • The Sizes of Eukaryotic Genomes Vary Substantially
    • The Genomes of Eukaryotes Contain Sequences That Are Unique, Moderately Repetitive, or Highly Repetitive
  • 10.5 Transposition
    • McClintock Found That Chromosomes of Corn Plants Contain Loci That Can Move
    • Transposable Elements Move by Different Transposition Pathways
    • Each Type of Transposable Element Has a Characteristic Pattern of DNA Sequences
    • Transposase Catalyzes the Excision and Insertion of Transposons
    • Retrotransposons Use Reverse Transcriptase for Retrotransposition
    • Transposable Elements May Have Important Influences on Mutation and Evolution
  • 10.6 Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes in Nondividing Cells
    • Linear DNA Wraps Around Histone Proteins to Form Nucleosomes, the Repeating Structural Unit of Chromatin
    • Nucleosomes Associate with Each Other in a Zigzag Manner
    • Chromatin Is Further Compacted by the Formation of Loop Domains
    • Topologically Associated Domains Are Revealed by Chromosome Conformation Capture Methods
    • Some Chromatin Is Highly Compacted During Interphase
    • In the Cell Nucleus, Each Chromosome Occupies Its Own Distinct Territory
    • Chromosome Organization and Structure in the Cell Nucleus has a Four-Level Hierarchy
  • 10.7 Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes During Cell Division
    • Metaphase Chromosomes Are Highly Compacted
    • Condensin I and II Promote the Condensation of Metaphase Chromosomes into Radial Loop Arrays
    • Cohesin Promotes the Binding of Sister Chromatids to Each Other
  • Chapter 10 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 11: DNA Replication
  • Chapter 11 Introduction
  • 11.1 Structural Overview of DNA Replication
    • Existing DNA Strands Act as Templates for the Synthesis of New Strands
  • 11.2 Bacterial DNA Replication: The Formation of Two Replication Forks at the Origin of Replication
    • Bacterial Chromosomes Contain a Single Origin of Replication
    • Replication Is Initiated by the Binding of DnaA Proteins to the Origin of Replication
  • 11.3 Bacterial DNA Replication: Synthesis of New DNA Strands
    • Several Proteins Are Required for DNA Replication at the Replication Fork
    • DNA Polymerase Requires an RNA Primer or an Existing DNA Strand and It Synthesizes DNA Only in the 5′ to 3′ Direction
    • The Synthesis of the Leading and Lagging Strands Is Distinctly Different
    • Certain Enzymes Involved in DNA Replication Bind to Each Other to Form a Complex
    • Replication Is Terminated When the Replication Forks Meet at the Termination Sequences
    • The Isolation of Mutants Has Been Instrumental to Our Understanding of DNA Replication
  • 11.4 Bacterial DNA Replication: Chemistry and Accuracy
    • DNA Polymerase III Is a Processive Enzyme That Uses Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates
    • The High Fidelity of DNA Replication Is Due to Three Mechanisms
  • 11.5 Eukaryotic DNA Replication
    • Initiation Occurs at Multiple Origins of Replication on Linear Eukaryotic Chromosomes
    • Origins of Replication Differ Among Budding Yeast and Other Eukaryotes
    • The Origin Recognition Complex Initiates the Process of DNA Replication
    • Eukaryotes Have Many Different DNA Polymerases
    • Flap Endonuclease Removes RNA Primers During Eukaryotic DNA Replication
    • The Ends of Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Replicated by Telomerase
    • Telomere Length May Play a Role in Aging and Cancer
  • Chapter 11 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 12: Gene Transcription and RNA Modification
  • Chapter 12 Introduction
    • Gene Transcription and RNA Modification
  • 12.1 Overview of Transcription
    • Gene Expression Requires Base Sequences That Perform Different Functional Roles
    • The Three Stages of Transcription Are Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
  • 12.2 Transcription in Bacteria
    • A Promoter Is a Short Sequence of DNA That Is Necessary to Initiate Transcription
    • Bacterial Transcription Is Initiated When RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme Binds at a Promoter
    • The RNA Transcript Is Synthesized During the Elongation Stage
    • Transcription Is Terminated by Either an RNA-Binding Protein or an Intrinsic Terminator
  • 12.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes
    • Eukaryotes Have Multiple RNA Polymerases That Are Structurally Similar to the Bacterial Enzyme
    • Eukaryotic Protein-Coding Genes Have a Core Promoter and Regulatory Elements
    • Transcription of Eukaryotic Protein-Coding Genes Is Initiated When RNA Polymerase II and General Transcription Factors Bind to a Promoter Sequence
    • Transcriptional Termination Occurs After the 3′ End of the Transcript Is Cleaved Near the Polyadenylation Signal Sequence
  • 12.4 RNA Modification
    • rRNAs and tRNAs Are Made as Longer Transcripts That Are Cleaved into Smaller Functional Transcripts
    • Different Splicing Mechanisms Remove Introns
    • Pre-mRNA Splicing Occurs by the Action of a Spliceosome
    • Alternative Splicing Regulates Which Exons Occur in a Mature mRNA, Allowing Different Polypeptides to Be Made from the Same Gene
    • The Ends of Eukaryotic Pre-mRNAs Have a 5′ Cap and a 3′ Tail
    • The Base Sequence of RNA Can Be Modified by RNA Editing
  • 12.5 A Comparison of Transcription and RNA Modification in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 12 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 13: Translation of mRNA
  • Chapter 13 Introduction
  • 13.1 The Genetic Basis for Protein Synthesis
    • Garrod Proposed That Some Genes Code for the Production of Enzymes
    • Beadle and Tatum’s Experiments with Neurospora Led Them to Propose the One-Gene/One-Enzyme Hypothesis
  • 13.2 The Relationship Between the Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
    • During Translation, the Codons in mRNA Provide the Information to Make a Polypeptide with a Specific Amino Acid Sequence
    • Exceptions to the Genetic Code Include the Incorporation of Selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine into Polypeptides
    • A Polypeptide Has Directionality from Its Amino-Terminus to Its Carboxyl-Terminus
    • The Amino Acid Sequences of Polypeptides Determine the Structure and Function of Proteins
    • Proteins Are Primarily Responsible for the Characteristics of Living Cells and an Organism’s Traits
  • 13.3 Experimental Determination of the Genetic Code
    • The Use of RNA Copolymers and the Triplet-Binding Assay Also Helped to Crack the Genetic Code
  • 13.4 Structure and Function of tRNA
    • The Function of a tRNA Depends on the Specificity Between the Amino Acid It Carries and Its Anticodon
    • Common Structural Features Are Shared by All tRNAs
    • Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Charge tRNAs by Attaching the Appropriate Amino Acid
    • The Wobble Rules Describe Mismatches That Are Allowed at the Third Position in Codon-Anticodon Pairing
  • 13.5 Ribosome Structure and Assembly
    • Bacterial and Eukaryotic Ribosomes Are Assembled from rRNA and Proteins
    • Components of Ribosomal Subunits Form Functional Sites for Translation
  • 13.6 Stages of Translation
    • The Initiation Stage Involves the Binding of mRNA and the Initiator tRNA to the Ribosomal Subunits
    • Changes in the Expression of eIFs Are Associated with Different Forms of Human Cancers
    • Polypeptide Synthesis Occurs During the Elongation Stage
    • Termination Occurs When a Stop Codon Is Reached in the mRNA
    • Bacterial Translation Can Begin Before Transcription Is Completed
    • Antibiotics That Inhibit Bacterial Translation Are Used to Treat Bacterial Diseases
  • 13.7 Regulation of Translation
    • An Iron Response Element Regulates Translation and mRNA Degradation of Particular mRNAs
  • 13.8 A Comparison of Translation in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 13 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 14: Gene Regulation in Bacteria
  • Chapter 14 Introduction
  • 14.1 Overview of Transcriptional Regulation
  • 14.2 Regulation of the lac Operon
    • The Phenomenon of Enzyme Adaptation Is Due to the Synthesis of Cellular Proteins
    • The lac Operon Codes Proteins Involved in Lactose Metabolism
    • The lac Operon Is Regulated by a Repressor Protein
    • The Regulation of the lac Operon Allows a Bacterium to Respond to Environmental Change
    • The lac Operon Is Also Regulated by an Activator Protein
    • Further Studies Have Revealed That the lac Operon Has Three Operator Sites for Lac Repressor
  • 14.3 Regulation of the trp Operon
    • The trp Operon Is Regulated by a Repressor Protein
    • The trp Operon Is Also Regulated by Attenuation
    • Inducible Operons Usually Code Catabolic Enzymes, and Repressible Operons Commonly Code Anabolic Enzymes
  • 14.4 Translational and Posttranslational Regulation
    • Repressor Proteins and Antisense RNA Can Inhibit Translation
    • Posttranslational Regulation Can Occur via Feedback Inhibition or Covalent Modifications
  • 14.5 Riboswitches
    • A Riboswitch Can Regulate Transcription
    • A Riboswitch Can Regulate Translation
  • Chapter 14 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 15: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes I: General Features of Transcriptional Regulation
  • Chapter 15 Introduction
  • 15.1 Regulatory Transcription Factors and Enhancers
    • Structural Features of Regulatory Transcription Factors Allow Them to Bind to DNA
    • Regulatory Transcription Factors Recognize Regulatory Elements Within Enhancers
    • The Functions of RTFs Can Be Modulated in Three Ways
  • 15.2 Chromatin Remodeling, Histone Variants, and Histone Modifications
    • Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes Alter the Positions and Compositions of Nucleosomes
    • Histone Variants Play Specialized Roles in Chromatin Structure and Function
    • The Histone Code Also Controls Gene Transcription
  • 15.3 DNA Methylation
    • DNA Methylation Occurs on the Cytosine Base and Usually Inhibits Gene Transcription
    • DNA Methylation Is Heritable
  • 15.4 Gene Activation and Gene Repression
    • Eukaryotic Genes Are Flanked by Nucleosome-Free Regions and Well-Positioned Nucleosomes
    • The Formation of a PreInitiation Complex Involves the Binding of Activator Proteins That Promote Changes in Nucleosome Position, Changes in Nucleosome Composition, and Histone Modifications
    • Formation of an Open Complex, Promoter Escape, Proximal Promoter Pausing, and Histone Eviction Are Key Events During the Elongation Phase of Transcription
    • Steroid Hormones Exert Their Effects by Binding to a Regulatory Transcription Factor
    • The CREB Protein Is an Example of an Activator That Is Modulated by Covalent Modification
    • Different Mechanisms Can Result in Gene Repression
    • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Allows Researchers to Determine the Locations Where Specific Proteins Bind Throughout Entire Genomes
  • 15.5 A Comparison of Transcriptional Regulation in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
  • Chapter 15 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 16: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes II: Epigenetics
  • Chapter 16 Introduction
  • 16.1 Overview of Epigenetics
    • Different Types of Molecular Changes Underlie Epigenetic Gene Regulation
    • Epigenetic Changes May Be Targeted to Specific Genes by Transcription Factors or Non-coding RNAs
    • Epigenetic Changes May Be Maintained by cis- or trans-Epigenetic Mechanisms
    • Epigenetic Gene Regulation May Occur as a Programmed Developmental Change or Be Caused by Environmental Agents
  • 16.2. Heterochromatin: Function, Structure, Formation, and Maintenance
    • Heterochromatin Formation Plays Different Functional Roles in Eukaryotic Cells
    • Constitutive Heterochromatin and Facultative Heterochromatin Differ in Their Chromosomal Locations and Molecular Features
    • A Series of Molecular Events Results in Gene Silencing and Produces Heterochromatin with a Higher-Order Structure
    • The Formation of Heterochromatin Involves Nucleation, Spreading, and Barriers
    • The Pattern of Heterochromatin in a Given Chromosome Is Passed from Cell to Cell
    • Heterochromatin Structure Is Maintained During Chromosome Replication
    • Abnormalities in Heterochromatin Formation Underlie Certain Inherited Human Diseases
  • 16.3 Epigenetics and Development
    • Genomic Imprinting Occurs During Gamete Formation
    • X-Chromosome Inactivation in Mammals Occurs During Embryogenesis
    • Pioneer Factors Bind Directly to Nucleosomes and Promote Changes in Cell Fate During Embryonic Development
    • Trithorax and Polycomb Group Complexes Are Key Regulators of Epigenetic Changes During Development
  • 16.4 Paramutation
    • Paramutations Occur When One Allele Alters the Expression of Another Allele
    • Paramutations Are Due to Epigenetic Changes That Are Transmitted from Parent to Offspring
  • 16.5 Epigenetics and Environmental Agents
    • Exposure to Environmental Agents at Early Stages of Development May Cause Epigenetic Changes That Affect Phenotype
    • The Different Body Types of Queen and Worker Honeybees Depend on Factors in Royal Jelly That Promote Epigenetic Changes
    • Flowering in Certain Species of Plants Is Dependent on Vernalization
  • Chapter 16 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 17: Non-coding RNAs
  • Chapter 17 Introduction
  • 17.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
    • ncRNAs Can Bind to Different Types of Molecules
    • ncRNAs Can Perform a Diverse Set of Functions
    • The Functions of Some ncRNAs Are Understood
    • The Emergence of Living Cells May Have Been Preceded by an RNA World
  • 17.2 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
  • 17.3 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on Translation and mRNA Degradation
    • RNA Silencing Was Revealed by Effects on Flower Color in Petunias
    • RNA Interference Is Mediated by MicroRNAs or Small Interfering RNAs via an RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
  • 17.4 Non-coding RNAs: Effects on RNA Modifications
  • 17.5 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Targeting
  • 17.6 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
    • The CRISPR-Cas System Provides Bacteria with Defense Against Bacteriophages
    • PIWI-Interacting RNAs Silence Transposable Elements in Animals
  • 17.7 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Human Diseases and Plant Health
    • ncRNAs Play a Role in Many Forms of Cancer and Other Human Diseases
    • miRNAs Play Key Roles in Plant Health
  • Chapter 17 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 18: Genetics of Viruses
  • Chapter 18 Introduction
  • 18.1 Virus Structure and Genetic Composition
    • Viruses Differ in Their Host Range, Structure, and Genome Composition
  • 18.2 Overview of Viral Reproductive Cycles
    • Viruses Follow a Reproductive Cycle That Leads to the Synthesis of New Viruses
    • Emerging Viruses, such as HIV and Coronavirus, Have Arisen Recently and Are More Likely Than Previous Strains to Cause Infection
  • 18.3 Bacteriophage λ Reproductive Cycles
    • Phage λ Can Follow a Lysogenic or Lytic Cycle
    • The Choice Between the Lysogenic or Lytic Cycle Depends on the Relative Levels of the cII and cro Proteins
    • The λ Repressor and Integrase Control the Lysogenic Cycle
    • The Lytic Cycle Depends on the Action of the cro Protein
    • OR Acts as a Genetic Switch Between the Lysogenic and Lytic Cycles
  • 18.4 HIV Reproductive Cycle
    • The HIV-1 Genome Has Nine Genes
    • HIV RNA Is Reverse Transcribed into Double-Stranded DNA
    • Double-Stranded HIV DNA Is Integrated into the Host Genome
    • The Production of New HIV Particles Begins with the Synthesis of HIV RNA and Viral Proteins
    • HIV Components Are Assembled and Bud from the Host-Cell Plasma Membrane
  • Chapter 18 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 19: Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Recombination
  • Chapter 19 Introduction
  • 19.1 Effects of Mutations on Gene Structure and Function
    • Gene Mutations Are Molecular Changes in the DNA Sequence of a Gene
    • Gene Mutations Can Alter the Coding Sequence Within a Gene
    • Gene Mutations Can Occur Outside of a Coding Sequence and Influence Gene Expression
    • Gene Mutations Are Also Given Names That Describe How They Affect the Wild-Type Genotype and Phenotype
    • Suppressor Mutations Reverse the Phenotypic Effects of Another Mutation
    • Changes in Chromosome Structure Can Affect the Expression of a Gene
    • Mutations Can Occur in Germ-Line or Somatic Cells
  • 19.2 Random Nature of Mutations
  • 19.3 Spontaneous Mutations
    • Spontaneous Mutations Can Arise by Depurination, Deamination, or Tautomeric Shifts
    • Oxidative Stress May Also Lead to DNA Damage and Mutation
    • DNA Sequences Known as Trinucleotide Repeats Are Hot Spots for Mutation
  • 19.4 Induced Mutations
    • Mutagens Alter DNA Structure in Different Ways
    • The Mutation Rate Is the Likelihood of a New Mutation
    • Testing Methods Can Determine If an Agent Is a Mutagen
  • 19.5 DNA Repair
    • Damaged Bases Can Be Directly Repaired
    • Base Excision Repair Removes a Damaged Base
    • Nucleotide Excision Repair Systems Remove Segments of Damaged DNA
    • Mismatch Repair Systems Recognize and Correct a Base-Pair Mismatch
    • Double-Strand Breaks Can Be Repaired by Homologous Recombination Repair or by Nonhomologous End Joining
    • Damaged DNA May Be Replicated by Translesion DNA Polymerases
  • 19.6 Homologous Recombination
    • The Holliday Model Describes a Molecular Mechanism for the Recombination Process
    • The Double-Strand Break Model Has Refined the Molecular Steps of Homologous Recombination
    • Several Proteins Facilitate Homologous Recombination
    • Gene Conversion May Result from DNA Mismatch Repair or DNA Gap Repair Synthesis
  • Chapter 19 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 20: Molecular Technologies
  • Chapter 20 Introduction
    • Molecular Technologies
  • 20.1 Gene Cloning Using Vectors
    • Cloning Experiments May Involve Two Kinds of DNA Molecules: Chromosomal DNA and Vector DNA
    • Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA into Pieces and DNA Ligase Joins the Pieces Together
    • Gene Cloning Involves the Insertion of DNA Fragments into Vectors, Which Are Propagated in Host Cells
    • cDNA Can Be Made from mRNA via Reverse Transcriptase
    • A DNA Library May Be Constructed Using Genomic DNA or cDNA
    • Gibson Assembly Is a Cloning Method for Joining Three or More DNA Fragments
  • 20.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
    • Each Cycle of PCR Involves Three Steps: Denaturation, Primer Annealing, and Primer Extension
    • Reverse Transcriptase PCR Is Used to Amplify RNA
    • Quantitative PCR Is Used to Quantitate the Amount of a Specific Gene or mRNA in a Sample
  • 20.3 DNA Sequencing
  • 20.4 Gene Editing via CRISPR-Cas Technology
    • Genes in Living Cells Can Be Edited Using CRISPR-Cas Technology
    • Gene Expression Can Be Altered Using Dead Cas9
    • Gene Editing Has Great Potential But Raises Ethical Issues
  • 20.5 Blotting Methods to Detect Gene Products
    • Northern Blotting Is Used to Detect a Specific RNA
    • Western Blotting Is Used to Detect a Specific Protein
  • 20.6 Methods for Analyzing DNA- and RNA-Binding Proteins
    • The Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Is Used to Determine If a Protein Binds to a Specific DNA Fragment or RNA Molecule
    • DNase I Footprinting Shows Detailed Interactions Between a Protein and DNA
  • Chapter 20 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • PROBLEM SETS & INSIGHTS
• Chapter 21: Biotechnology
  • Chapter 21 Introduction
  • 21.1 Uses of Microorganisms in Biotechnology
    • Many Important Medicines Are Produced by Recombinant Microorganisms
    • Bacteria Are Used as Biological Control Agents
    • Microorganisms Can Reduce Environmental Pollutants
  • 21.2 Vaccines
    • The First Human Vaccine Was Against Smallpox
    • Vaccines Are Diverse in the Types of Components They Contain
    • Several Different Vaccines Have Been Developed Against COVID-19
  • 21.3 Genetically Modified Animals
    • The Genomes of Animals Can Be Altered by Gene Modification or Gene Addition
    • Gene Knockouts and Knockins Are Produced in Mice to Understand Gene Function and Human Disease
    • Using Biotechnology in the Production of Transgenic Livestock Holds Promise
  • 21.4 Reproductive Cloning and Stem Cells
    • Researchers Have Succeeded in Cloning Mammals from Somatic Cells
    • Stem Cells Have the Ability to Divide and Differentiate into Different Cell Types
    • Stem Cells Have the Potential to Treat a Variety of Diseases
  • 21.5 Genetically Modified Plants
    • Transgenic Plants May Have Characteristics That Are Agriculturally Useful
    • Transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Other Methods Are Used to Make Transgenic Plants
  • Chapter 21 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 22: Genomics I: Analysis of DNA
  • Chapter 22 Introduction
  • 22.1 Overview of Chromosome Mapping
  • 22.2 Cytogenetic Mapping via Microscopy
    • A Goal of Cytogenetic Mapping Is to Determine the Location of a Gene on an Intact Chromosome
    • In Situ Hybridization Localizes Genes Along Particular Chromosomes
  • 22.3 Linkage Mapping via Crosses
    • Molecular Markers Provide Sites for Mapping Experiments
    • Linkage Mapping Uses Molecular Markers Such as Microsatellites
  • 22.4 Chromosome Walking and Primer Walking
  • 22.5 Overview of Genome Sequencing
    • Genome Sequencing Involves the Sequencing of Many Fragments of Chromosomal DNA
    • Genome Sequences Can Be Produced Using Short-Read and Long-Read DNA Sequencing Methods
    • Innovations in DNA Sequencing Have Made It Less Expensive and Faster
    • Illumina Sequencing Technology Provides a Short-Read Method for DNA Sequencing
  • 22.6 Genome-Sequencing Projects
    • The Human Genome Project Was the Largest Genome-Sequencing Project in History
    • Many Genome Sequences Have Been Determined
  • 22.7 Metagenomics
  • Chapter 22 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 23: Genomics II: Functional Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics
  • Chapter 23 Introduction
  • 23.1 Functional Genomics
    • A DNA Microarray Can Quantify Gene Transcription at the Whole Genome Level
    • RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Is a Newer Method for Identifying Expressed Genes
    • Gene Knockout Collections Allow Researchers to Study Gene Function at the Genomic Level
  • 23.2 Proteomics
    • The Proteome Is Much Larger Than the Genome
    • Protein Purification Methods Are Often Used in Proteomics
    • Mass Spectrometry Is Used to Identify Proteins
    • Protein Microarrays Are Used to Study Protein Expression and Function
  • 23.3 Bioinformatics I: Overview of Computer Analyses and Gene Prediction
    • Sequence Files Are Analyzed by Computer Programs
    • Different Computational Strategies Can Identify Functional Genetic Sequences
    • Computer-Based Approaches Can Identify Genes Within a Long Genomic Sequence
  • 23.4 Bioinformatics II: Databases
  • 23.5 Bioinformatics III: Homology
    • The Sequences of Homologous Genes Are Similar to Each Other
    • A Database Can Be Searched to Identify Homologous Sequences
    • Homologous Genetic Sequences Can Be Aligned to Identify Conserved Sites That Are Likely to Be Functionally Important
  • Chapter 23 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 24: Medical Genetics
  • Chapter 24 Introduction
    • Medical Genetics
  • 24.1 Inheritance Patterns of Genetic Diseases
    • A Genetic Basis for a Human Disease May Be Suggested by a Variety of Observations
    • Simple Mendelian Inheritance Patterns of Human Diseases May Be Determined via Pedigree Analysis
    • Many Genetic Disorders Exhibit Locus Heterogeneity
  • 24.2 Detection of Disease-Causing Alleles via Haplotypes and via Genome-Wide Association Studies
    • A Haplotype Is a Series of Linked Genetic Variations on a Chromosome
    • Haplotype Association Studies Are Conducted to Identify Disease-Causing Alleles
    • Haplotype Association Studies Identified the Mutant Gene That Causes Huntington Disease
    • The International HapMap Project Is a Worldwide Effort to Identify Haplotypes in Human Populations
    • Genome-Wide Association Studies Can Identify Disease-Causing Alleles in Human Populations
  • 24.3 Genetic Testing and Screening
    • Genetic Testing Is Used to Identify Many Inherited Human Diseases
    • Genetic Screening Identifies Genetic Abnormalities at the Population Level
    • Genetic Testing Can Be Performed Prior to Birth
  • 24.4 Prions
  • 24.5 Human Gene Therapy
    • Different Gene Therapy Approaches Have the Potential to Treat Human Diseases
  • 24.6 Personalized Medicine
    • Molecular Profiling Is Increasingly Used to Classify Tumors and Improve Treatment Options
    • DNA Microarrays Are Used in the Molecular Profiling of Tumors
    • A Patient’s Genotype Is Important in Determining the Proper Dosage of Certain Drugs
  • Chapter 24 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 25: Genetic Basis of Cancer
  • Chapter 25 Introduction
  • 25.1 Overview of Cancer
  • 25.2 Oncogenes
    • Oncogenes Have Gain-of-Function Mutations That May Affect Proteins Involved in Cell Division Pathways
    • Genetic Changes in Proto-Oncogenes Convert Them to Oncogenes
    • Certain Viruses Cause Cancer by Carrying Oncogenes into Cells
  • 25.3 Tumor-Suppressor Genes
    • Tumor-Suppressor Genes, such as the rb Gene, Play a Role in Preventing Cancer
    • The Vertebrate p53 Gene Is a Master Tumor-Suppressor Gene That Senses DNA Damage
    • Tumor-Suppressor Genes Usually Code Proteins That Regulate Cell Division or Maintain Genome Integrity
    • Tumor-Suppressor Genes Can Be Silenced by Loss-of-Function Mutations or Chromosome Loss
    • Most Forms of Cancer Involve Multiple Genetic Changes Leading to Malignancy
    • Inherited Forms of Cancers Are Usually Caused by Defects in Tumor-Suppressor Genes
  • 25.4 Role of Epigenetics in Cancer
    • Abnormalities in Chromatin Modification Are Common in Cancer Cells
    • Epigenetic Changes Associated with Cancer May Arise Because Mutations Occur in Genes That Code Chromatin-Modifying Proteins or Because Environmental Agents Alter the Functions of Chromatin-Modifying Proteins
  • 25.5 Cancer Therapeutics
    • Many Different Treatment Options Are Available to Combat Cancer
    • A Wide Variety of Cancer Drugs Are Aimed at Killing Actively Dividing Cells
    • Targeted Drug Therapies Are Usually Aimed at Specific Proteins That Are Produced by Cancer Cells
    • Immunotherapy Uses the Immune System or Components from the Immune System to Kill Cancer Cells
    • Drug Therapy May Be Aimed at Epigenetic Changes
    • Drug Therapy May Be Used to Alter Non-coding RNAs
  • Chapter 25 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 26: Developmental Genetics
  • Chapter 26 Introduction
  • 26.1 Overview of Animal Development
    • The Generation of a Body Pattern Depends on Four Types of Cellular Events
    • Positional Information Controls How Cells Behave During Development
    • Cell-to-Cell Contacts May Activate Signaling Pathways That Lead to Developmental Changes
    • The Study of Mutants with Disrupted Developmental Patterns Has Identified Genes That Control Development
    • Animal Development Occurs in Four Overlapping Phases
  • 26.2 Invertebrate Development
    • Drosophila Advances Through Several Developmental Stages to Become an Adult
    • The Early Stages of Embryonic Development Determine the Pattern of Structures in the Adult Organism
    • The Gene Products of Maternal Effect Genes Are Deposited Asymmetrically into the Oocyte and Establish the Anteroposterior and Dorsoventral Axes at a Very Early Stage of Development
    • The Morphogen Bicoid Is a Transcription Factor That Controls the Development of Anterior Structures
    • Gap, Pair-Rule, and Segment-Polarity Genes Act Sequentially to Divide the Drosophila Embryo into Segments
    • Homeotic Genes Control the Phenotypic Characteristics of Each Segment
    • The Developmental Fate of Each Cell in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Is Known
  • 26.3 Vertebrate Development
    • Homeotic Genes Are Found in Vertebrates
    • Researchers Use Reverse Genetics to Understand Hox Gene Function
    • Genes That Code Transcription Factors Also Play a Key Role in Cell Differentiation
  • 26.4 Plant Development
    • Plant Growth Occurs from Meristems Formed During Embryonic Development
    • Plant Homeotic Genes Control Flower Development
  • 26.5 Sex Determination in Animals
    • In Drosophila, Sex Determination Involves a Regulatory Cascade That Includes Alternative Splicing
    • In Mammals, the SRY Gene on the Y Chromosome Determines Maleness
  • Chapter 26 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 27: Population Genetics
  • Chapter 27 Introduction
  • 27.1 Genes in Populations and the Hardy-Weinberg Equation
    • A Population Is a Group of Interbreeding Individuals That Share a Gene Pool
    • At the Population Level, Some Genes May Be Monomorphic, but Most Are Polymorphic
    • Population Genetics Is Concerned with Allele, Genotype, and Phenotype Frequencies
    • The Hardy-Weinberg Equation Can Be Used to Calculate Genotype Frequencies Based on Allele Frequencies
    • The Hardy-Weinberg Equation Can Be Used to Detect Evolutionary Change
  • 27.2 An Introduction to Microevolution
  • 27.3 Overview of Natural Selection
    • Natural Selection Is a Process That Depends on Differences in Reproductive Success
    • Darwinian Fitness Is a Measure of Reproductive Success
    • The General Selection Model Relates Fitness to the Hardy-Weinberg Equation
    • Genome-Wide Selection Scans Can Provide Insight Regarding the Effects of Natural Selection
  • 27.4 Patterns of Natural Selection
    • Directional Selection Favors the Extreme Phenotype
    • The General Selection Model Can Be Applied to Directional Selection
    • New Alleles That Are Beneficial May Become Fixed in a Population
    • Balanced Polymorphisms May Arise as a Result of Heterozygote Advantage or Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection
    • Disruptive Selection Favors Multiple Phenotypes in Heterogeneous Environments
    • Stabilizing Selection Favors Individuals with Intermediate Phenotypes
  • 27.5 Genetic Drift
  • 27.6 Migration
  • 27.7 Nonrandom Mating
  • 27.8 Sources of New Genetic Variation
    • Mutations Can Be Deleterious, Neutral, or Beneficial
    • The Mutation Rate Is the Likelihood of a New Mutation
    • New Genes Are Produced in Eukaryotes via Exon Shuffling
    • New Genes Are Acquired via Horizontal Gene Transfer
    • Genetic Variation Is Produced via Changes in Repetitive Sequences
    • DNA Fingerprinting Is Used for Identification and Relationship Testing
  • Chapter 27 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 28: Complex and Quantitative Traits
  • Chapter 28 Introduction
  • 28.1 Overview of Complex and Quantitative Traits
    • Many Quantitative Traits Exhibit a Continuum of Phenotypic Variation That Follows a Normal Distribution
  • 28.2 Statistical Methods for Evaluating Quantitative Traits
    • Statistical Methods Are Used to Evaluate a Frequency Distribution Quantitatively
    • Some Statistical Methods Compare Two Variables with Each Other
  • 28.3 Polygenic Inheritance
    • For Quantitative Traits That Are Polygenic, Each Gene May Contribute to the Trait in an Additive Way
    • Polygenic Inheritance and Environmental Factors May Produce a Continuum of Phenotypes
  • 28.4 Identification of Genes That Control Quantitative Traits
    • QTL Mapping Relies on Linkage to Molecular Markers
  • 28.5 Heritability
    • Both Genetic Variance and Environmental Variance May Contribute to Phenotypic Variance
    • Phenotypic Variance May Also Be Influenced by Interactions and Associations Between Genotype and the Environment
    • Heritability Is the Relative Amount of Phenotypic Variance That Is Due to Genetic Variance
  • 28.6 Selective Breeding
    • Selective Breeding of Species Can Alter Quantitative Traits Dramatically
    • Selective Breeding Provides a Way of Estimating Heritability
    • Heterosis May Be Explained by Dominance or Heterozygote Advantage
  • Chapter 28 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Chapter 29: Evolutionary Genetics
  • Chapter 29 Introduction
  • 29.1 Overview of Evolution
    • Darwin Formulated the Theory of Evolution by Comparing Different Disciplines
    • Genetic Variation and Natural Selection Underlie Adaptive Evolution
  • 29.2 Identification of Species and Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation
    • Each Species Is Identified Using Characteristics and Histories That Distinguish It from Other Species
    • A Species Concept Is a Way to Define What a Species Is and/or Distinguish Different Species
  • 29.3 Speciation
    • Speciation Usually Occurs via a Branching Process Called Cladogenesis
    • Allopatric Speciation Occurs When Populations Become Separated from Each Other
    • Hybrid Zones Are Areas Where Separated Populations Can Interbreed
    • Sympatric Speciation Occurs Within the Same Geographic Area
  • 29.4 Phylogenetic Trees
    • Phylogenetic Trees Are Based on Homology
    • A Phylogenetic Tree Depicts the Evolutionary Relationships Among Different Species
    • A Phylogenetic Tree Can Be Constructed Using a Cladistic or Phenetic Approach
    • The Maximum Likelihood Approach and Bayesian Methods Are Also Used to Discriminate Among Possible Phylogenetic Trees
    • Phylogenetic Trees Refine Our Understanding of Evolutionary Relationships
    • Horizontal Gene Transfer Also Contributes to the Evolution of Species
  • 29.5 Molecular Evolution
    • Homologous Genes Are Derived from a Common Ancestral Gene
    • Genetic Variation at the Molecular Level Is Associated with Neutral Changes in Gene Sequences
    • Molecular Clocks Can Be Used to Date the Divergence of Species
    • Evolution Is Associated with Changes in Chromosome Structure and Number
    • Synteny Groups Contain the Same Groups of Linked Genes
  • Chapter 29 Review
    • Key Terms
    • Chapter Summary
    • Problem Sets & Insights
• Appendix A: Experimental Techniques
  • Appendix A Introduction
  • A.1 Methods for Growing Cells
  • A.2 Microscopy
  • A.3 Separation Methods
    • Disruption of Cellular Components
    • Centrifugation
    • Chromatography and Gel Electrophoresis
  • A.4 Methods for Measuring Concentrations of Molecules and Detecting Radioisotopes and Antigens
    • Spectroscopy
    • Detection of Radioisotopes
    • Detection of Antigens by Radioimmunoassay
• Appendix B: Solutions to Even-Numbered Problems and All Comprehension and Concept Check Questions
  • Appendix B
    • Chapter 1
    • Chapter 2
    • Chapter 3
    • Chapter 4
    • Chapter 5
    • Chapter 6
    • Chapter 7
    • Chapter 8
    • Chapter 9
    • Chapter 10
    • Chapter 11
    • Chapter 12
    • Chapter 13
    • Chapter 14
    • Chapter 15
    • Chapter 16
    • Chapter 17
    • Chapter 18
    • Chapter 19
    • Chapter 20
    • Chapter 21
    • Chapter 22
    • Chapter 23
    • Chapter 24
    • Chapter 25
    • Chapter 26
    • Chapter 27
    • Chapter 28
    • Chapter 29
• Glossary
  • Glossary
• Index
  • Index
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  • Some proteins bind to DNA Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  • A methylated cytosine base Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
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  • Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  • Okazaki fragments Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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  • Table 12.2 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • A Northern Blot Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • A DNA Gel with 2 Lanes Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • RNA Polymerase II Plus TFIID and TFIIB Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  • Translation of mRNA Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
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  • Table 13.1 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Table 13.5b, c Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • The Binding between a Codon and Anticodon Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • A Western Blot Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Western Blot Analysis Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Three Northern Blots Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  • Figure 14.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
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  • Complementary to the mRNA Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  • Figure 15.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
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  • DNA Contains an Upstream Region Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • Coding sequence for gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • A DNA Gel Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • Core Promoter Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • Pancreatic Cells or Into Kidney Cells Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  • Figure 16.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
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  • Spermatogenesis and oogenesis Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
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  • Figure 18.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
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  • Gene Mutations Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Coding Sequence Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
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  • Table 19.3 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Holliday junction Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 20.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
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  • A Western Blot Using an Antibody Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • DNA Strands from a Cloned Gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • A Sequencing Ladder Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Two Sequencing Ladders Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • DNA Sequencing Reaction Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Encoded by a Particular Gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Constitute Hemoglobin Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • An Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • An Electrophoretic Mobility Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • A DNAse 1 Footprinting Assay Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 21.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
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  • The Location of the CFTR Gene Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • The H. Influenzae Genome Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Four gels Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • A Gel Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Three Gels Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 23.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
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  • Sequence files are analyzed Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • A multiple-sequence alignment Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 24.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
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  • A Punnett Square Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • A Human Pedigree Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Protocol day Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • The pedigree presented Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Ehler-Danlos Syndrome Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Hurler Syndrome Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Sandhoff Disease Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • Detect a Polypeptide Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  • An Experimental Assay Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
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  • Figure 26.1a, c Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26.2b, c Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
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  • Figure 26.15b Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
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  • T-cell lineages in different strains Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
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  • Figure 26.23 Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
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  • Region of the Drosophila Embryo Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • A Hypothetical Cell Lineage Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • Cell Lineages Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • Northern blot Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • Situ Hybridization Experiment Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 27.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
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  • Beak Depths of the Medium Ground Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
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  • Individual VII-1 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • A DNA Fingerprint Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • Individual VI-1 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • A Family Pedigree Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • Individual IV-3 Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
  • Traditional DNA Fingerprints Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 27)
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  • Figure 28.7b, c Text Alternative (Chapter 28)
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  • The Systolic Blood Pressure Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 29.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 29)
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  • Figure 29.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 29)
  • The Data Graphic Text Alternative (Chapter 29)
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  • Every learner is unique Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • GENETIC TIPS Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • BACKGROUND OBSERVATIONS Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • THE HYPOTHESIS Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • THE HYPOTHESIS OR ACHIEVING Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • THE DATA Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • INTERPRETING THE DATA Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • GENES Graphic Text Alternative (FM)
  • Figure A.2 Text Alternative (Appendix A)
  • Figure A.3 Text Alternative (Appendix A)
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  • Figure A.6 Text Alternative (Appendix A)
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  • Figure A.9 Text Alternative (Appendix A)
  • A Punnett Square Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • Female and Male Gametes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • X-linked genes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • In heterozygous females of fruit flies Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • A Male’s X-Linked Genes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • The other cell will receive chromosomes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • From Left to Right Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • The Sequence of Genes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • Transposon Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • An Unusual Strand of DNA Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • A Northern Blot with 5 Lanes Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • A Single mRNA Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • Two Likely Scenarios Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • Chromosome Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)
  • Dominant Trait Graphic Text Alternative (Appendix B)

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