Invertebrates

Námskeið LÍF214G Dýrafræði - hryggleysingjar - Höfundar: Richard C. Brusca, Gonzalo Giribet, Wendy Moore

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LÍF214G Dýrafræði - hryggleysingjar

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Invertebrates is a complete, trusted, and engaging textbook whose comprehensive coverage makes it an invaluable resource for both undergraduate and graduate courses and professional researchers. The third edition has been widely praised for its detailed classifications, high-quality illustrations, and coverage of contemporary debates in the field. The fourth edition continues to feature recent scholarship and current perspectives while streamlining the text to improve accessibility for intro-level students.

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Höfundar: Richard C. Brusca, Gonzalo Giribet, Wendy Moore
Útgáfa:4
Útgáfudagur: 2022-02-15
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Format:ePub
ISBN 13: 9780197637173
Print ISBN: 9780197554418
ISBN 10: 0197637175

Lesa meira Minnka

Efnisyfirlit

Cover Page
Title page
About the cover
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Guest Chapter Revisers
Digital Resources for Invertebrates, Fourth Edition
- E-Book(ISBN 9780197637173)
- For the Instructor(Available at oup.com/he/brusca4e)
Classification of the Animal Kingdom (Metazoa)
A phylogeny of Metazoa
Geologic Time Scale
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
- Keeping Track of Life
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Where Did Invertebrates Come From?
  - The Dawn of Life
  - The Ediacaran Period and the Origin of Animals
  - The Paleozoic Era (541–251.9 Ma)
  - The Mesozoic Era (251.9–66 Ma)
  - The Cenozoic Era (66 Ma–present)
- Where Do Invertebrates Live?
  - Marine Habitats
  - Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands
  - Freshwater Habitats
  - Terrestrial Habitats
  - A Special Type of Environment: Symbiosis
- Changing Views of Invertebrate Phylogeny
  - Legacy Names
  - Phylogenetics and Classification Schemes
- A Final Introductory Message to the Reader
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 2 Systematics, Phylogeny, and Classifications
- Phylogeny, Monophyly, Paraphyly, and Polyphyly
- Homology
- Apomorphy and Plesiomorphy
- Challenges of Phylogenetic Inference
- Constructing Phylogenies
- Biological Classification
- Nomenclature
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 3 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
- Body Symmetry
- Cellularity, Body Size, Germ Layers, and Body Cavities
- Locomotion and Support
  - Reynolds Number
  - Ameboid Locomotion
  - Cilia and Flagella
  - Muscles and Skeletons
    - The hydrostatic skeleton
    - The rigid skeleton
- Feeding and Digestion
  - Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion
  - Feeding Strategies
    - Suspension feeding
    - Deposit feeding
    - Herbivory
    - Carnivory and scavenging
    - Dissolved organic matter
    - Chemoautotrophy
- Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nitrogenous Wastes and Water Conservation
  - Osmoregulation and Habitat
  - Excretory and Osmoregulatory Structures
    - Water expulsion vesicles
    - Nephridia
    - Other organs of excretion
- Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Internal Transport
  - Circulatory Systems
  - Hearts and Other Pumping Mechanisms
  - Gas Exchange and Transport
    - Gas exchange structures
    - Gas transport
- Nervous Systems and Sense Organs
  - Sense Organs
    - Tactile receptors
    - Georeceptors
    - Proprioceptors
    - Phonoreceptors
    - Baroreceptors
    - Chemoreceptors
    - Photoreceptors
    - Thermoreceptors
  - Independent Effectors
- Bioluminescence
- Nervous Systems and Body Plans
- Hormones and Pheromones
- Reproduction
  - Asexual Reproduction
    - A word about colonies
  - Sexual Reproduction
  - Parthenogenesis
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 4 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology: Evo-Devo
  - Developmental Tool Kits
  - The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype
  - The Evolution of Novel Gene Function
  - Gene Regulatory Networks
- Eggs and Embryos
  - Eggs
  - Cleavage
  - Orientation of Cleavage Planes
  - Radial and Spiral Cleavage
  - Cell Fates
  - Blastula Types
  - Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation
  - Mesoderm and Body Cavities
- Life Cycles: Sequences and Strategies
  - Classification of Life Cycles
  - Indirect Development
  - Settling and Metamorphosis
  - Direct Development
  - Mixed Development
  - Adaptations to Land and Fresh Water
  - Parasite Life Cycles
- The Relationships Between Ontogeny and Phylogeny
  - The Concept of Recapitulation
  - Heterochrony and Paedomorphosis
- The Origin of the Metazoa
  - Origin of the Metazoan Condition
  - Historical Perspectives on Metazoan Origins
  - The Origin of Multicellularity
  - The Origin of the Bilateral Condition and the Coelom
  - The Trochaea Theory
- Closing Thoughts
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 5 Phylum Porifera*
- Phylum Porifera: The Sponges
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Poriferan Body Plan
  - Body Structure and the Aquiferous System
  - More on Sponge Cell Types
    - Cells that line surfaces
    - Cells that secrete the skeleton
    - Contractile cells
    - Stem cells
    - Other cell types
    - Cell reaggregation
  - Support
  - Nutrition, Excretion, and Gas Exchange
  - Activity and Sensitivity
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual reproduction
    - Sexual processes
    - Embryogenesis and larvae
    - Calcarea
    - Hexactinellida
    - Demospongiae
    - Homoscleromorpha
- Some Additional Aspects of Sponge Biology
  - Distribution and Ecology
  - Biochemical Agents
  - Growth Rates
  - Symbioses
- Poriferan Phylogeny
  - The Origin of Sponges
  - Evolution within the Porifera
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 6 Two Enigmatic Phyla
- Phylum Placozoa
- Phylum Ctenophora*
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Ctenophoran Body Plan
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Excretion, Gas Exchange, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual reproduction and regeneration
    - Sexual reproduction and development
- Ctenophoran Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 7 Phylum Cnidaria
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Cnidarian Body Plan
  - The Body Wall
    - The polypoid form
    - The medusoid form
  - Support
  - Movement
  - Cnidae
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Defense, Interactions, and Symbiosis
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Anthozoan reproduction
    - Scyphozoan reproduction
    - Cubozoan reproduction
    - Staurozoan reproduction
    - Hydrozoan reproduction
    - Myxozoan reproduction
- Cnidarian Evolutionary History
  - Earliest Cnidaria
  - Cnidarian Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 8 A Brief Introduction to the Bilateria and Its Major Clades
- The Bilateria
- Deuterostomes and Protostomes
CHAPTER 9 Phylum Xenacoelomorpha
- The Basal Bilaterian
- Phylum Xenacoelomorpha
  - Classification of Phylum Xenacoelomorpha
- Subphylum Acoelomorpha
- Class Acoela
- The Acoel Body Plan
  - Body Wall and External Appearance
  - Body Musculature, Support, and Movement
  - Nutrition, Excretion, and Gas Exchange
  - Nervous Systems and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Class Nemertodermatida
- The Nemertodermatid Body Plan
  - Body Structure
  - Cell and Tissue Organization
  - Support and Movement
  - Nutrition, Excretion, Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
- Subphylum Xenoturbellida
- The Xenoturbellid Body Plan
  - General Body Structure
  - Support and Movement
  - Nutrition, Excretion, and Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 10 Protostomia, Spiralia, and the Phylum Dicyemida
- Protostomes and Deuterostomes
- Spiralia and Ecdysozoa
- The Phylum Dicyemida (= Rhombozoa)
- Anatomy and Biology of Dicyemidans
- Life Cycles
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 11 Gnathifera
- Phylum Gnathostomulida: The Gnathostomulids*
- The Gnathostomulid Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Nutrition, Circulation, Excretion, and Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Rotifera: The Free-Living Rotifers
- The Rotifer Body Plan
  - Body Wall, General External Anatomy, and the Corona
  - Body Cavity, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Rotifera, Subclass Acanthocephala: The Acanthocephalans
- The Acanthocephalan Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, Attachment, and Nutrition
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Micrognathozoa: The Micrognathozoans
- The Micrognathozoan Body Plan
  - Epidermis, Ciliation, and Body Wall Musculature
  - Locomotion
  - Pharyngeal Apparatus, Feeding, and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Chaetognatha
- The Chaetognath Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Movement
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 12 Platytrochozoa and Two Enigmatic Phyla
- Phylum Entoprocta: The Entoprocts*
- The Entoproct Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Movement
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Cycliophora: The Cycliophorans
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 13 Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa, and the Phylum Mollusca
- Phylum Mollusca*
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Molluscan Body Plan
  - The Body Wall
  - The Mantle and Mantle Cavity
  - The Molluscan Shell
  - Torsion, or “How the Gastropod Got its Twist”
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding
  - Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System
  - Sense Organs
  - Cephalopod Coloration and Ink
  - Reproduction
  - Development
- Molluscan Evolution and Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 14 Phylum Nemertea
- Taxonomic History and Classification
  - Classification
- The Nemertean Body Plan
  - Body Wall
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - The proboscis apparatus
    - Digestive system
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual processes
    - Sexual reproduction
- Nemertean Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 15 Phylum Annelida*
- Taxonomic History and Classification
  - Synopses of Major Groups
- The Annelid Body Plan
  - Body Forms
  - Body Wall and Coelomic Arrangement
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - Feeding
    - Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Regeneration and asexual reproduction
    - Sexual reproduction
    - Development
- Sipuncula: The Peanut Worms
- Classification of Sipuncula
  - Sipuncula
- The Sipunculan Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Coelom, Circulation, and Gas Exchange
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Thalassematidae: The Spoon Worms
  - Body Wall and Coelom
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Siboglinidae: Vent Worms and Their Kin
- Siboglinid Taxonomic History
- The Siboglinid Body Plan
  - The Tube, Body Wall, and Body Cavity
  - Nutrition
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Hirudinea: Leeches and Their Relatives
- The Hirudinean Body Plan
  - Body Wall and Coelom
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Orthonectida: Extremely Simplified Annelids
- Annelid Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 16 The Lophophorates*
- Taxonomic History of the Lophophorates
- The Lophophorate Body Plan
- Phylum Phoronida: The Phoronids
- The Phoronid Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Body Cavity, and Support
  - The Lophophore, Feeding, and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Bryozoa: The Moss Animals
- The Bryozoan Body Plan
  - The Body Wall, Coelom, Muscles, and Movement
  - Zooid Interconnections
  - The Tentacle Crown, Feeding, and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Sexual reproduction
    - Asexual reproduction
  - Phylum Brachiopoda: The Lamp Shells
- The Brachiopod Body Plan
  - The Body Wall, Coelom, and Support
  - The Lophophore, Feeding, and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 17 Rouphozoa
- Introduction to Rouphozoa
- The Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Platyhelminth Body Plan
  - Body Wall
    - Free-living flatworms
    - Flukes and tapeworms
  - Support, Locomotion, and Attachment
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - Free-living flatworms
    - Flukes and tapeworms
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
    - Free-living flatworms
    - Flukes and tapeworms
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual processes
    - Sexual reproduction: Free-living flatworms
    - Sexual reproduction: Flukes
    - Sexual reproduction: Tapeworms
- Platyhelminth Phylogeny
  - Phylum Gastrotricha: The Gastrotrichs, or Hairy-Bellied Worms*
- The Gastrotrich Body Plan
  - Body Wall
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 18 Introduction to Ecdysozoa
- Introduction to Ecdysozoa*
- The Scalidophora
- Phylum Kinorhyncha: The Kinorhynchs, or Mud Dragons
- The Kinorhynch Body Plan
  - Body Wall
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Priapula: The Priapulans, or Penis Worms
  - Priapulan Classification
- Priapulan Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Loricifera: The Loriciferans
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 19 Nematoida
- Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms*
- Classification of Phylum Nematoda
- The Nematode Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction, Development, and Life Cycles
  - Life Cycles of Some Parasitic Nematodes
  - Phylum Nematomorpha: Horsehair Worms and Their Kin
- The Nematomorph Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 20 Panarthropoda and the Emergence of the Arthropods
- Phylum Tardigrada*
- The Tardigrade Body Plan
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding, Digestion, and Excretion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Phylum Onychophora
- The Onychophoran Body Plan
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System, Sense Organs, and Behavior
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Systematics and Biogeography
  - An Introduction to the Phylum Arthropoda
  - Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Arthropod Body Plan and Arthropodization
  - The Body Wall
  - Arthropod Appendages
    - Appendage anatomy
    - Appendage Evolution
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Growth
  - The Digestive System
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- The Evolution of Arthropods
  - The Origin of Arthropods
  - Evolution within the Arthropoda
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 21 Phylum Arthropoda
- Classification of the Crustacea
- Synopses of Crustacean Taxa
  - Subphylum Crustacea
  - Superclass Oligostraca
    - Class Ostracoda
    - Class Mystacocarida
    - Class Branchiura
    - Class Pentastomida
  - Superclass Altocrustacea: Clade Multicrustacea
    - Class Malacostraca
    - Subclass Phyllocarida
      - Order Leptostraca
    - Subclass Hoplocarida
      - Order Stomatopoda
    - Subclass Eumalacostraca
      - Superorder Syncarida
      - Superorder Eucarida
      - Order Euphausiacea
      - Order Decapoda
      - Suborder Dendrobranchiata
      - Suborder Pleocyemata
      - Infraorder Caridea
      - Infraorder Stenopodidea
      - Infraorder Brachyura
      - Infraorder Anomura
      - Infraorder Astacidea
      - Infraorder Achelata
      - Infraorders Axiidea and Gebiidea
      - Infraorders Glypheidea and Polychelida
      - Superorder Peracarida
      - Order Mysida
      - Order Stygiomysida
      - Order Lophogastrida
      - Order Cumacea
      - Order Tanaidacea
      - Order Mictacea
      - Order Spelaeogriphacea
      - Order Thermosbaenacea
      - Order Isopoda
      - Order Amphipoda
      - Order Ingolfiellida
    - Class Copepoda
    - Class Thecostraca
      - Subclass Facetotecta
      - Subclass Ascothoracida
      - Subclass Cirripedia
  - Class Tantulocarida
  - Superclass Altocrustacea: Clade Allotriocarida
    - Class Cephalocarida
  - Class Branchiopoda
  - Subclass Anostraca
  - Subclass Phyllopoda
    - Order Notostraca
    - Order Diplostraca
  - Class Remipedia
- The Crustacean Body Plan
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding
  - Digestive System
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Reproduction
    - Development
- Crustacean Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 22 Phylum Arthropoda
- Classification of the Subphylum Hexapoda
  - Subphylum Hexapoda
- Synopses of Hexapod Groups
  - Subphylum Hexapoda
  - Entognatha
    - Order Collembola
    - Order Protura
    - Order Diplura
  - Class Insecta
    - Order Archaeognatha
  - Dicondylia
    - Order Zygentoma
  - Subclass Pterygota
  - Palaeoptera
    - Order Ephemeroptera
    - Order Odonata
  - Infraclass Neoptera
  - Superorder Polyneoptera
    - Order Plecoptera
    - Order Blattodea
    - Order Mantodea
    - Order Phasmida
    - Order Grylloblattodea
    - Order Dermaptera
    - Order Orthoptera
    - Order Mantophasmatodea
    - Order Embioptera (Embiidina)
    - Order Zoraptera
  - Superorder Acercaria
    - Order Thysanoptera
    - Order Hemiptera
    - Order Psocodea
  - Superorder Holometabola
    - Order Hymenoptera
  - Coleopterida
    - Order Coleoptera
    - Order Strepsiptera
  - Neuropterida
    - Order Megaloptera
    - Order Raphidioptera
    - Order Neuroptera
  - Antliophora
    - Order Mecoptera
    - Order Siphonaptera
    - Order Diptera
  - Amphiesmenoptera
    - Order Trichoptera
    - Order Lepidoptera
- The Hexapod Body Plan
  - General Morphology
    - The hexapod head
    - The hexapod thorax
    - The hexapod abdomen
  - Locomotion
    - Walking
    - Flight
  - The Origin of Insect Flight
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - Feeding
    - Digestive system
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Reproduction
    - Embryology
    - Postembryonic development
- Hexapod Evolution
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 23 Phylum Arthropoda*
- Myriapod Classification
  - Subphylum Myriapoda
  - Class Chilopoda
  - Class Diplopoda
  - Class Pauropoda
  - Class Symphyla
- The Myriapod Body Plan
  - Head and Mouth Appendages
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Chilopoda
    - Diplopoda
    - Pauropoda
    - Symphyla
  - Embryonic Development
- Myriapod Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 24 Phylum Arthropoda
- Synopses of Living Chelicerate Groups
  - Class Euchelicerata
  - Subclass Merostomata*
    - Order Xiphosura
  - Subclass Arachnida
    - “Acari”
    - Order Amblypygi
    - Order Araneae
    - Order Opiliones
    - Order Palpigradi
    - Order Pseudoscorpiones
    - Order Ricinulei
    - Order Schizomida
    - Order Scorpiones
    - Order Solifugae
    - Order Uropygi
- The Euchelicerate Body Plan
  - Spinnerets, Spider Silk, and Spider Webs
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - Feeding
    - Digestion
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- The Class Pycnogonida
- The Pycnogonid Body Plan
  - External Anatomy
  - Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
- Chelicerate Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 25 Introduction to Deuterostomia, and the Phylum Hemichordata
- Introduction to the Deuterostomia
- Phylum Hemichordata: Acorn Worms and Pterobranchs*
  - Hemichordate Classification
- The Hemichordate Body Plan
- Class Enteropneusta (Acorn Worms)
  - External Anatomy
  - Support Structures
  - Coelomic Cavities
  - Musculature and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulatory System
  - Excretory System
  - Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual reproduction
    - Sexual reproduction
    - Development
- Class Pterobranchia (Pterobranchs)
  - Body Wall and Cavities
  - Support, Muscles, and Movement
  - Gut and Feeding
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
  - Nervous System
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Hemichordate Fossil Record and Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 26 Phylum Echinodermata*
- Taxonomic History and Classification
- The Echinoderm Body Plan
  - Developmental Roots of the Echinoderm Body Plan
    - Axial and extraxial body regions
    - Ray homologies
  - Body Wall and Coelom
  - Mutable Collagenous Tissue
  - Water Vascular System
    - Asteroidea
    - Ophiuroidea
    - Crinoidea
    - Echinoidea
    - Holothuroidea
  - Support and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
    - Crinoidea
    - Asteroidea
    - Ophiuroidea
    - Echinoidea
    - Holothuroidea
  - Circulation and Gas Exchange
    - Circulation
    - Gas exchange
  - Excretion and Osmoregulation
    - Excretion
    - Osmoregulation
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Regeneration and asexual reproduction
    - Sexual reproduction
    - Development
- Echinoderm Phylogeny
  - First Echinoderms
  - Modern Echinoderms
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 27 Phylum Chordata
- Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata: The Lancelets
- The Cephalochordate Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
  - Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata: The Tunicates
- The Tunicate Body Plan
  - Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion
  - Feeding and Digestion
  - Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion
  - Nervous System and Sense Organs
  - Reproduction and Development
    - Asexual reproduction
    - Sexual reproduction
- Chordate Phylogeny
- Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 28 Perspectives on Invertebrate Phylogeny
Illustration Credits
- Chapter Openers
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Chapter 25
- Chapter 26
- Chapter 27
Selected References
- CHAPTER 1
  - General References
  - Phylogeny and Paleontology
- CHAPTER 2
- CHAPTER 3
- CHAPTER 4
  - General Invertebrate Embryology
  - Life Histories
  - Phylogeny and the Origins of Major Clades
- CHAPTER 5
  - General References
  - Calcarea
  - Demospongiae
  - Hexactinellida
- Homoscleromorpha
- Phylogeny and Evolution
- CHAPTER 6
  - Placozoa
  - Ctenophora
- CHAPTER 7
  - General References
  - Anthozoa
  - Cubozoa
  - Hydrozoa
  - Myxozoa
  - Scyphozoa
  - Staurozoa
- CHAPTER 9
  - General References
  - Acoela
- Nemertodermatida
  - Xenoturbellida
- CHAPTER 10
  - General References
- CHAPTER 11
  - Gnathifera
  - Gnathostomulida
  - Rotifera
  - Acanthocephala
  - Micrognathozoa
  - Chaetognatha
- CHAPTER 12
  - Platytrochozoa
  - Entoprocta
  - Cycliophora
- CHAPTER 13
  - General References
  - Caudofoveata and Solenogastres (the Aplacophorans)
  - Monoplacophora
  - Polyplacophora
  - Gastropoda
  - Bivalvia
  - Scaphopoda
  - Cephalopoda
  - Molluscan Evolution and Phylogeny
- CHAPTER 14
- CHAPTER 15
  - General References
  - Hirudinea
  - Siboglinidae
  - Sipuncula
  - Thalassematidae
  - Orthonectida
- CHAPTER 16
  - General References
  - Phoronida
  - Bryozoa
  - Brachiopoda
- CHAPTER 17
  - General References
  - Free-living Flatworms
  - Neodermata: Trematoda (flukes) and Cestoda (tapeworms)
  - Gastrotricha
- CHAPTER 18
  - General References
  - Kinorhyncha
  - Priapula
  - Loricifera
- CHAPTER 19
  - Nematoda
  - Nematomorpha
- Chapter 20
  - General References
  - Tardigrada
  - Onychophora
  - Arthropod Phylogeny and Evolution
- CHAPTER 21
  - General References
  - Phylogeny and Evolution
- CHAPTER 22
  - General References
  - Hexapod Evolution
- CHAPTER 23
  - General References
  - Myriapod Evolution
- CHAPTER 24
  - General References
  - Merostomata
  - Arachnida
  - Pycnogonida
- CHAPTER 25
  - Deuterostomia
  - Hemichordata
- CHAPTER 26
  - General References
  - Crinoidea
  - Asteroidea
  - Ophiuroidea
  - Echinoidea
  - Holothuroidea
- CHAPTER 27
  - General References
  - Cephalochordata
  - Urochordata
- CHAPTER 28
Index
List of Illustrations
List of Tables

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