Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Preface
• Key Characteristics
• Changes to the Sixth Edition
• Learning Aids
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Historical Background
    • Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association
    • Descartes: Mind–Body Dualism and the Reflex
    • The British Empiricists
    • Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Human Consciousness
    • Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind
    • The Theory of Evolution: Humans as Animals
    • Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior
  • 1.2. Five Schools of Behaviorism
    • Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism
    • Hull’s Neobehaviorism
    • Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism
    • Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
    • Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
  • In Review
  • For Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 2. Research Methods
  • 2.1. Basic Terms and Definitions
    • Independent and Dependent Variables
    • Functional Relationships
    • Stimulus and Response
    • Overt and Covert Behavior
    • Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli
    • Motivating Operations
    • Contiguity and Contingency
  • 2.2. Measurement of Behavior
    • Behavioral Definitions
    • Recording Methods
    • Assessing Reliability
  • 2.3. Research Designs
    • Descriptive Research
    • Experimental Research
  • 2.4. Use of Animals in Behavioral Research
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning
  • 3.1. Elicited Behaviors
    • Reflexes
    • Fixed Action Patterns
  • 3.2. Simple Mechanisms of Learning
    • Habituation and Sensitization
    • Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
  • 3.3. Classical Conditioning
    • Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning
    • Basic Procedure and Definitions
    • Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning
    • Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning
    • Temporal Factors in Conditioning
    • Pseudoconditioning
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities
  • 4-1. Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena
    • Acquisition
    • Extinction and Related Phenomena
    • Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
    • Experimental Neurosis
  • 4-2. Three Extensions to Classical Conditioning
    • Higher-Order Conditioning
    • Sensory Preconditioning
    • US Revaluation
  • 4-3. Four Examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning
    • Overshadowing
    • Blocking
    • Occasion Setting
    • Latent Inhibition
  • In Review
  • For Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications
  • 5.1. Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning
    • Stimulus-Substitution Theory
    • Preparatory-Response Theory (and the Compensatory-Response Model)
    • Rescorla–Wagner Theory
  • 5.2. Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning
    • Understanding Phobias
    • Treating Phobias
    • Aversion Therapy for Problem Behaviors
    • Medical Applications of Classical Conditioning
  • In Review
  • For Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction
  • 6.1. Historical Background
    • Thorndike’s Law of Effect
    • Skinner’s Selection by Consequences
  • 6.2. Operant Conditioning
    • Operant Behavior
    • Operant Consequences: Reinforcers and Punishers
    • Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli
  • 6.3. Four Types of Contingencies
    • Positive Reinforcement
    • Negative Reinforcement
    • Positive Punishment
    • Negative Punishment
  • 6.4. Positive Reinforcement: Further Distinctions
    • Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement
    • Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
    • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
    • Natural and Contrived Reinforcers
    • Shaping
  • In Review
  • For Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 7. Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement
  • 7.1. Schedules of Reinforcement
    • Continuous versus Intermittent Schedules
    • Four Basic Intermittent Schedules
    • Other Simple Schedules of Reinforcement
    • Complex Schedules of Reinforcement
  • 7.2. Theories of Reinforcement
    • Drive Reduction Theory
    • The Premack Principle
    • Response Deprivation Hypothesis
    • Behavioral Bliss Point Approach
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control
  • 8.1. Extinction
    • Side Effects of Extinction
    • Resistance to Extinction
    • Spontaneous Recovery
    • Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
  • 8.2. Stimulus Control
    • Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
    • The Peak Shift Effect
    • Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast
    • Fading and Errorless Discrimination Learning
    • Stimulus Control: Additional Applications
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment
  • 9.1. Escape and Avoidance
    • Two-Process Theory of Avoidance
    • Avoidance Conditioning and Phobias
    • Avoidance Conditioning and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
  • 9.2. Punishment
    • Types of Punishment
    • Problems with the Use of Punishment
    • Benefits and the Effective Use of Punishment
    • Theories of Punishment
  • 9.3. Noncontingent Punishment
    • Learned Helplessness
    • Masserman’s Experimental Neurosis
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control
  • 10.1. Choice and Matching
    • Concurrent Schedules
    • The Matching Law
    • Deviations from Matching
    • Matching and Melioration
  • 10.2. Self-Control
    • Skinner on Self-Control
    • Self-Control as a Temporal Issue
    • Mischel’s Delay of Gratification Paradigm
    • The Ainslie–Rachlin Model of Self-Control
    • The Small-But-Cumulative Effects Model
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 11. Observational Learning and Rule-Governed Behavior
  • 11.1. Observational or Social Learning
    • Contagious Behavior and Stimulus Enhancement
    • Observational Learning in Classical Conditioning
    • Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning
    • Imitation
    • Social Learning and Aggression
  • 11.2. Rule-Governed Behavior
    • Definitions and Characteristics
    • Some Disadvantages of Rule-Governed Behavior
    • Personal Rules in Self-Regulation
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 12. Biological Dispositions in Learning
  • 12.1. Preparedness and Conditioning
    • Preparedness in Classical Conditioning
    • Preparedness in Operant Conditioning
  • 12.2. Operant–Respondent Interactions
    • Instinctive Drift
    • Sign Tracking
  • 12.3. Adjunctive Behavior
    • Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics
    • Adjunctive Behavior in Humans
    • Adjunctive Behavior as Displacement Activity
  • 12.4. Activity Anorexia
    • Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics
    • Comparisons with Anorexia Nervosa
    • Underlying Mechanisms
    • Clinical Implications
  • 12.5. Behavior Systems Theory
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Chapter 13. Comparative Cognition
  • 13.1. What Is Comparative Cognition?
  • 13.2. Memory in Animals
    • How to Study Animal Memory
    • Memory in Food-Storing Birds
  • 13.3. Can Animals Count?
    • The Case of Clever Hans
    • Beyond Clever Hans: Evidence for Numerical Ability in Animals
  • 13.4. Category Learning and Relational Decisions
  • 13.5. Concepts of Tools, Self, and Others
    • Making and Using Tools
    • Theory of Mind
    • Self-Awareness and Differentiating Self from Others
    • Cooperation and Deception
  • 13.6. Language
    • Can Animals “Talk”?
    • Sign Language Experiments
    • Artificial Language Experiments
  • In Review
  • Further Exploration
  • Study Questions
  • Concept Review
  • Chapter Test
• Appendix. A Brief Guide to Behavior Self-Management
• References

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