Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Reviews
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface to the Fifth Edition
• Table of International Cases
  • Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
  • European Court of Human Rights
  • European Court of Justice
  • Extraordinary African Chambers
  • Human Rights Committee
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
  • Inter-American Court of Human Rights
  • International Criminal Court
  • International Court of Justice
  • International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (and the International Residual Mechanism)
  • International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (and the International Residual Mechanism)
  • International Military Tribunals
  • Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Kosovo Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
  • Gucati and Haradinaj (KSC-BC-2020–07)
  • Salih Mustafa (KSC-BC-2020–05)
  • Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli, Rexhep Selimi, and Jakup Krasniqi (KSC-BC-2020–06)
  • Permanent Court of International Justice
  • Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone
  • Special Court for Sierra Leone
  • Special Criminal Court for Central African Republic
  • Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)
  • Special Tribunal for Lebanon
• Table of National Cases
  • Argentina
  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Cambodia
  • Canada
  • Chile
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Peru
  • South Africa
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
• Abbreviations
• Abbreviations of Book Titles
• Part I Introduction
  • 1 Introduction: What Is International Criminal Law?
    • 1.1 Meaning of International Criminal Law
    • 1.2 Other Concepts of International Criminal Law
      • 1.2.1 Transnational Criminal Law
      • 1.2.2 International Criminal Law As a Set of Rules to Protect the Values of the International Order
      • 1.2.3 Involvement of a State
      • 1.2.4 Crimes Created by International Law
    • 1.3 Sources of International Criminal Law
      • 1.3.1 Treaties
      • 1.3.2 Customary International Law
      • 1.3.3 General Principles of Law and Subsidiary Means of Determining the Law
    • 1.4 International Criminal Law and Other Areas of Law
      • 1.4.1 International Criminal Law and Human Rights Law
      • 1.4.2 International Criminal Law and International Humanitarian Law
      • 1.4.3 International Criminal Law and State Responsibility
    • 1.5 A Body of Criminal Law
      • 1.5.1 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege
      • 1.5.2 Nulla Poena Sine Lege
    • 1.6 International Criminal Law and Legal Theory
      • 1.6.1 International Criminal Law and the International Legal Theory
      • 1.6.2 International Criminal Law and the Theory of Criminal Law
      • 1.6.3 A Separate (?) Theory of International Criminal Law
    • Further Reading
  • 2 The Aims, Objectives, and Justifications of International Criminal Law
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 What International Criminal Justice Is For
      • 2.2.1 Retribution
      • 2.2.2 Deterrence
      • 2.2.3 Incapacitation
      • 2.2.4 Rehabilitation
      • 2.2.5 Expressivist and Didactic Function
    • 2.3 Other Goals
      • 2.3.1 Vindicating the Rights of Victims
      • 2.3.2 Recording History
      • 2.3.3 Post-Conflict Reconciliation
      • 2.3.4 Other Asserted Benefits of International Trials
    • 2.4 Other Critiques of Criminal Accountability
    • Further Reading
• Part II Prosecutions in National Courts
  • 3 Jurisdiction
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Forms of Jurisdiction
      • 3.2.1 Legislative Jurisdiction
      • 3.2.2 Adjudicative Jurisdiction
      • 3.2.3 Executive Jurisdiction
    • 3.3 Conceptual Matters
      • 3.3.1 Question of Proof
      • 3.3.2 Treaties and Jurisdiction
    • 3.4 Traditional Heads of Jurisdiction
      • 3.4.1 Territoriality Principle
      • 3.4.2 Nationality Principle
      • 3.4.3 Passive Personality Principle
      • 3.4.4 Protective Principle
    • 3.5 Universal Jurisdiction
      • 3.5.1 Introduction
      • 3.5.2 Approaches to Universal Jurisdiction
      • 3.5.3 Rise of Universal Jurisdiction
      • 3.5.4 Retrenchment of Universal Jurisdiction?
        • The Yerodia Case
        • Limiting Universality
        • The Expansion of Universal Jurisdiction
      • 3.5.5 Universal Jurisdiction’s Practical Problems
      • 3.5.6 Policy-Based and Political Criticisms of Universal Jurisdiction
    • Further Reading
  • 4 National Prosecutions of International Crimes
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Overview of Practice
    • 4.3 State Obligations to Prosecute or Extradite
      • 4.3.1 Treaty Obligations
      • 4.3.2 Human Rights Law Obligations
      • 4.3.3 Customary Law Obligations?
    • 4.4 Domestic Criminal Law and Jurisdiction
      • 4.4.1 Domestic Legislation
      • 4.4.2 ICC As a Catalyst for Domestic Legislation
      • 4.4.3 Impact of Domestic and International Case Law
    • 4.5 Statutory Limitations
    • 4.6 Non-Retroactivity
    • 4.7 Ne Bis in Idem or Double Jeopardy
      • 4.7.1 Application between States
      • 4.7.2 Application vis-à-vis International Criminal Jurisdictions
    • 4.8 Political and Practical Obstacles
    • Further Reading
  • 5 State Cooperation with Respect to National Proceedings
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 International Agreements and Other Bases of Cooperation
    • 5.3 Basic Features
      • 5.3.1 Traditional Assistance and ‘Mutual Recognition’
      • 5.3.2 Double Criminality, Rule of Speciality, and Statutory Limitations
      • 5.3.3 Ne Bis in Idem or Double Jeopardy
      • 5.3.4 Human Rights and Legal Cooperation
    • 5.4 Extradition
      • 5.4.1 Extradition Agreements and the European Arrest Warrant
      • 5.4.2 Extradition Procedures
      • 5.4.3 Extraditable and Non-Extraditable Offences
      • 5.4.4 Non-Extradition of Nationals
      • 5.4.5 Death Penalty, Life Imprisonment, and Other Human Rights Grounds
      • 5.4.6 Re-Extradition
      • 5.4.7 Abduction, Rendition, or Expulsion
    • 5.5 Mutual Legal Assistance
    • 5.6 Transfer of Proceedings
    • 5.7 Enforcement of Penalties
    • Further Reading
• Part III International Prosecution
  • 6 The History of International Criminal Prosecutions: Nuremberg and Tokyo
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 1919 Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War
    • 6.3 Nuremberg International Military Tribunal
      • 6.3.1 Creation of the Tribunal
      • 6.3.2 The Tribunal and the Trial
      • 6.3.3 Assessment of the Nuremberg IMT
    • 6.4 Tokyo International Military Tribunal
      • 6.4.1 Creation of the Tribunal
      • 6.4.2 The Tribunal and the Trial
      • 6.4.3 Assessment of the Tribunal
    • 6.5 Control Council Law No. 10 Trials and Military Commissions in the Pacific Sphere
    • Further Reading
  • 7 The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
      • 7.2.1 Creation of the ICTY
      • 7.2.2 Structure of the ICTY
      • 7.2.3 Jurisdiction of the ICTY and Its Relationship to National Courts
      • 7.2.4 Milestones in the Practice of the ICTY
        • Beginnings and the Tadić Case
        • Kosovo, Milošević, and NATO
        • Completion Strategy and the Process of Closing Down
      • 7.2.5 Appraisal of the ICTY
    • 7.3 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
      • 7.3.1 Creation of the ICTR
      • 7.3.2 Structure of the ICTR
      • 7.3.3 Jurisdiction of the ICTR and Its Relationship to National Courts
      • 7.3.4 Practice of the ICTR
        • Troubles at the Start
        • Moving Forward
        • Completion Strategy and the Process of Winding Down
      • 7.3.5 Appraisal of the ICTR
    • Further Reading
  • 8 The International Criminal Court
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Creation of the ICC
    • 8.3 Structure and Composition of the ICC
    • 8.4 Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the ICC
    • 8.5 Jurisdiction
      • 8.5.1 Personal and Territorial Jurisdiction
        • Territorial and Active Nationality Jurisdiction
        • How States Accept Jurisdiction
        • Security Council Referrals
      • 8.5.2 Temporal Jurisdiction
      • 8.5.3 Persons Over the Age of Eighteen
    • 8.6 How the Court Works: An Overview
      • 8.6.1 ‘Trigger Mechanisms’: Initiating Proceedings
        • State Party Referrals
        • Security Council Referrals
        • Initiation by the Prosecutor
      • 8.6.2 Deferral by the Security Council: Article 16
      • 8.6.3 Preliminary Examination, Investigation, and Prosecution
    • 8.7 Complementarity
      • 8.7.1 First Step: Are There Proceedings at the National Level?
      • 8.7.2 Second Step: Unwillingness or Inability to Carry Out Proceedings Genuinely
      • 8.7.3 What Is a ‘Case’?
      • 8.7.4 Encouraging National Proceedings
    • 8.8 Gravity
    • 8.9 Interests of Justice
    • 8.10 Cooperation
    • 8.11 Opposition to the ICC
      • 8.11.1 United States
      • 8.11.2 African Union
    • 8.12 Appraisal
    • Further Reading
  • 9 Other Hybrid and Special Courts
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Courts Established by Agreement between a State and an International Organization or between States
      • 9.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone and Residual Special Court
      • 9.2.2 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
      • 9.2.3 Special Tribunal for Lebanon
      • 9.2.4 Extraordinary African Chambers
      • 9.2.5 African Criminal Court: Towards a Regional Jurisdiction
    • 9.3 Courts Established by International Administration
      • 9.3.1 Special Panels for Serious Crimes in Kosovo and East Timor
        • Kosovo
        • East Timor
      • 9.3.2 War Crimes Chamber in the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • 9.4 Courts Established by a State with International Support
      • 9.4.1 Iraqi High Tribunal
      • 9.4.2 War Crimes Departments in Serbia
      • 9.4.3 Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
      • 9.4.4 Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic
    • 9.5 Relationship with the ICC
    • 9.6 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
• Part IV Substantive Law of International Crimes
  • 10 Genocide
    • 10.1 Introduction
      • 10.1.1 Overview
      • 10.1.2 Historical Development
      • 10.1.3 Relationship to Crimes Against Humanity
      • 10.1.4 Nature of Genocide
    • 10.2 Protected Groups
      • 10.2.1 National, Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Groups
      • 10.2.2 Identifying the Group and Its Members
    • 10.3 Material Elements
      • 10.3.1 Prohibited Acts
        • Killing
        • Causing Serious Bodily or Mental Harm to Members of the Group
        • Deliberately Inflicting on the Group Conditions of Life Calculated to Bring About Its Physical Destruction in Whole or in Part
        • Imposing Measures Intended to Prevent Births Within the Group
        • Forcibly Transferring Children of the Group to Another Group
      • 10.3.2 ‘Contextual Element’
    • 10.4 Mental Elements
      • 10.4.1 Intent
        • Proof of Special Intent
        • Intention versus Knowledge
      • 10.4.2 ‘To Destroy’
      • 10.4.3 ‘In Whole or in Part’
      • 10.4.4 ‘As Such’
    • 10.5 Other Modes of Participation
    • Further Reading
  • 11 Crimes against Humanity
    • 11.1 Introduction
      • 11.1.1 Overview
      • 11.1.2 Historical Development
      • 11.1.3 Relationship to Other Crimes
    • 11.2 Common Elements (Contextual Threshold)
      • 11.2.1 Aspects Not Required
        • No Nexus to Armed Conflict
        • No Requirement of Discriminatory Animus
      • 11.2.2 Widespread or Systematic
      • 11.2.3 Attack
        • Controversy Concerning the Policy Element
        • Divide in the Authorities
        • Implications for Jurisdictions Rejecting a Policy Element
        • Implications for Jurisdictions Requiring a Policy Element
        • State or Organization
      • 11.2.4 Any Civilian Population
      • 11.2.5 Link Between the Accused and the Attack
      • 11.2.6 Awareness of Context
    • 11.3 Prohibited Acts
      • 11.3.1 List of Prohibited Acts
      • 11.3.2 Murder
      • 11.3.3 Extermination
      • 11.3.4 Enslavement
      • 11.3.5 Deportation or Forcible Transfer
      • 11.3.6 Imprisonment
      • 11.3.7 Torture
      • 11.3.8 Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence
        • Rape
        • Sexual Slavery
        • Enforced Prostitution
        • Forced Pregnancy
        • Enforced Sterilization
        • Other Sexual Violence
      • 11.3.9 Persecution
        • Discriminatory Grounds
        • Severe Deprivation of Fundamental Rights
        • Gravity or Severity
        • Connection to Other Acts?
        • Mental Element
        • Relationship to Other Crimes
        • Examples of Persecutory Acts
      • 11.3.10 Enforced Disappearance
      • 11.3.11 Apartheid
      • 11.3.12 Other Inhumane Acts
    • Further Reading
  • 12 War Crimes
    • 12.1 Introduction
      • 12.1.1 Overview
      • 12.1.2 A Brief History of Humanitarian Law
      • 12.1.3 Key Principles of Humanitarian Law
      • 12.1.4 The Challenge of Regulating Warfare
      • 12.1.5 Relationship Between War Crimes and IHL
      • 12.1.6 The Evolution of War Crimes Law
      • 12.1.7 War Crimes in Non-International Armed Conflicts
    • 12.2 Common Issues
      • 12.2.1 Armed Conflict
      • 12.2.2 Distinguishing Between International and Non-International Conflicts
        • Invitation
        • Wars of National Liberation
        • Proxy Forces
        • Transnational Conflict
      • 12.2.3 Distinguishing Armed Conflict from Riots and Disturbances
      • 12.2.4 Nexus Between Conduct and Conflict
      • 12.2.5 Perpetrator
      • 12.2.6 Victim or Object of the Crime
      • 12.2.7 ‘Jurisdictional’ Threshold in the ICC Statute
    • 12.3 Specific Offences
      • 12.3.1 Lists of War Crimes in the Statutes of the Tribunals and the ICC
      • 12.3.2 Crimes Against Non-Combatants
        • Violence and Mistreatment
        • Other Legal Interests of Protected Persons
      • 12.3.3 Attacks on Prohibited Targets (Principle of Distinction)
      • 12.3.4 Attacks Inflicting Excessive Civilian Damage
        • Principle of Proportionality
        • First Side of the Equation: Harm to Civilians, Civilian Objects, and the Environment
        • Second Side of the Equation: Military Advantage
        • Comparing the Two Sides of the Equation: Proportionality Test
        • Mental Element
      • 12.3.5 War Crimes Against Property
      • 12.3.6 Prohibited Means of Warfare (Weapons)
      • 12.3.7 Prohibited Methods of Warfare
      • 12.3.8 War Crime Provisions Protecting Other Values
        • Transfer of Population into Occupied Territory
        • Child Soldiers
    • Further Reading
  • 13 Aggression
    • 13.1 Introduction and History: Criminalizing Aggression
      • 13.1.1 Overview
      • 13.1.2 Historical Development
        • International Criminal Court Negotiations
      • 13.1.3 Definition in the ICC Statute
      • 13.1.4 Relationship to Other Crimes
    • 13.2 Material Elements
      • 13.2.1 Perpetrators
      • 13.2.2 Planning, Preparation, Initiation, or Execution
      • 13.2.3 Act of Aggression
        • International Law Regarding the Use of Force by a State
        • Self-Defence
        • Authorization under Chapter VII
        • Humanitarian Intervention
      • 13.2.4 ‘A Manifest Violation of the UN Charter’
    • 13.3 Mental Elements
    • 13.4 Prosecution of Aggression in the ICC
      • 13.4.1 Jurisdiction of the ICC
      • 13.4.2 The Role of the Security Council
      • 13.4.3 Implications of the Prosecution of Aggression Before the ICC
    • Further Reading
  • 14 Other International Crime: Terrorism, Torture, and Ecocide
    • 14.1 Introduction
      • 14.1.1 Overview
    • 14.2 Terrorism
      • 14.2.1 Introduction
      • 14.2.2 Development of International Cooperation Against Terrorism
        • Global Counter-Terrorism Agreements
        • Regional Counter-Terrorism Agreements
        • Security Council Resolutions
      • 14.2.3 Definition of Terrorism
        • Material Elements
        • Mental Elements
      • 14.2.4 Prosecution and Other National Measures
      • 14.2.5 Terrorism As an International Crime
        • Terrorism As a War Crime
        • Terrorism as a Crime Against Humanity
        • A Customary Law Definition of an International Crime of Terrorism?
    • 14.3 Torture
      • 14.3.1 Introduction
      • 14.3.2 UN Convention Against Torture
        • Material Elements
        • Mental Elements
      • 14.3.3 Prosecution and Other National Measures
      • 14.3.4 Torture As an International Crime
    • 14.4 Ecocide
    • Further Reading
  • 15 General Principles of Liability
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Perpetration/Commission
      • 15.2.1 Joint Criminal Enterprise
        • Actus Reus
        • Mens Rea
        • Nature of Joint Criminal Enterprise Liability
      • 15.2.2 Co-perpetration
        • Actus Reus
        • Mens Rea
      • 15.2.3 Indirect Perpetration/Perpetration Through Another Person
      • 15.2.4 Indirect Co-perpetration
    • 15.3 Aiding and Abetting
    • 15.4 Ordering, Instigating, Soliciting, Inducing, and Inciting
      • 15.4.1 Ordering
      • 15.4.2 Instigating, Soliciting, Inducing, and Inciting
    • 15.5 Common Purpose Liability
    • 15.6 Planning, Preparation, Attempt, and Conspiracy
      • 15.6.1 Planning and Preparing
      • 15.6.2 Attempt
      • 15.6.3 Conspiracy
    • 15.7 Command/Superior Responsibility
      • 15.7.1 Superior/Subordinate Relationship
      • 15.7.2 Mental Element
      • 15.7.3 Failure to Take Measures
      • 15.7.4 Causation
      • 15.7.5 Nature of Superior Responsibility
    • 15.8 Mental Elements
    • Further Reading
  • 16 Defences/Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility
    • 16.1 Introduction
      • 16.1.1 Types of Defences
    • 16.2 ICC Statute and Defences
    • 16.3 Mental Incapacity
    • 16.4 Intoxication
      • 16.4.1 Voluntary and Involuntary Intoxication
      • 16.4.2 Destruction of Capacity
      • 16.4.3 A Complete Defence
    • 16.5 Self-Defence, Defence of Others, and of Property
      • 16.5.1 Imminent, Unlawful Use of Force
      • 16.5.2 Reasonable and Proportionate Response
    • 16.6 Duress and Necessity
      • 16.6.1 Imminent Threat Beyond the Control of the Accused
      • 16.6.2 Necessary and Reasonable Actions
      • 16.6.3 Causation
    • 16.7 Mistake of Fact and Law
      • 16.7.1 Mistake of Fact
      • 16.7.2 Mistake of Law
    • 16.8 Superior Orders
      • 16.8.1 Obligation to Obey
      • 16.8.2 Knowledge of Unlawfulness
      • 16.8.3 Manifest Illegality
      • 16.8.4 Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
      • 16.8.5 Relationship of Superior Orders to Other Defences
    • 16.9 Other Defences
      • 16.9.1 Consent
      • 16.9.2 Reprisals
      • 16.9.3 Military Necessity
    • Further Reading
• Part V International Criminal Procedure and Sentencing
  • 17 International Criminal Procedure
    • 17.1 General Issues
      • 17.1.1 Legal Traditions
      • 17.1.2 International Models
    • 17.2 Actors
      • 17.2.1 Judges
      • 17.2.2 Prosecutor
      • 17.2.3 Defence
      • 17.2.4 Victims and Witnesses
      • 17.2.5 States and International Organizations
    • 17.3 Rights
      • 17.3.1 Standards
      • 17.3.2 Independence and Impartiality
      • 17.3.3 Presumption of Innocence
      • 17.3.4 Public, Fair, and Expeditious Proceedings
    • 17.4 Jurisdiction and Admissibility Procedures
    • 17.5 Investigation
      • 17.5.1 Initiation
      • 17.5.2 Conduct
    • 17.6 Coercive Measures
      • 17.6.1 Arrest and Detention
      • 17.6.2 Remedying Violations
    • 17.7 Prosecution
      • 17.7.1 Decision to Prosecute
      • 17.7.2 Indictment and Charges
    • 17.8 Pre-Trial Process
      • 17.8.1 First Appearance and Confirmation of Charges
      • 17.8.2 Preparation for Trial
      • 17.8.3 Disclosure of Evidence
    • 17.9 Evidentiary Rules
    • 17.10 Guilty Plea and Admission of Guilt
    • 17.11 Trial Stage
    • 17.12 Appeals and Review
      • 17.12.1 Appeal Against Judgment and Sentence
      • 17.12.2 Interlocutory Appeals
      • 17.12.3 Review and Revision
    • 17.13 Offences Against the Administration of Justice
    • 17.14 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • 18 Victims in International Criminal Justice
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Victims and International Criminal Justice
    • 18.3 Definition of Victims
    • 18.4 Protection of Victims and Witnesses
    • 18.5 Victim Participation at the ICC
      • 18.5.1 Purposes of Participation
      • 18.5.2 Conditions for Participation
      • 18.5.3 Legal Representation
      • 18.5.4 Participation in Different Procedural Stages
    • 18.6 Reparations to Victims
    • 18.7 An Assessment
    • Further Reading
  • 19 Punishment and Sentencing
    • 19.1 International Penal Regime
    • 19.2 Purposes of Punishment
    • 19.3 Sentencing Practice
      • 19.3.1 General Approach
      • 19.3.2 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
      • 19.3.3 Cumulative or Joint Sentences
    • 19.4 Sentencing Procedures
    • 19.5 Pardon, Early Release, and Review of Sentence
    • 19.6 Enforcement
    • Further Reading
• Part VI Relationship between National and International Systems
  • 20 State Cooperation with the International Courts and Tribunals
    • 20.1 Nature of the Cooperation Regimes
    • 20.2 Obligation to Cooperate
      • 20.2.1 States
      • 20.2.2 Conflicting Obligations
      • 20.2.3 Individuals
    • 20.3 States Not Party, International Organizations, and Other Entities
    • 20.4 Authority to Seek Cooperation and Rights of Parties
    • 20.5 Arrest and Surrender
    • 20.6 Other Forms of Legal Assistance
      • 20.6.1 Grounds for Refusal
      • 20.6.2 National Security Objections
      • 20.6.3 On-Site Investigations and Trials
      • 20.6.4 Assistance Regarding Coercive Measures
    • 20.7 Domestic Implementation
    • 20.8 Non-Compliance and Enforcement
    • 20.9 Cooperation and Complementarity
    • 20.10 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • 21 Immunities
    • 21.1 Introduction
      • 21.1.1 Overview
      • 21.1.2 Functional and Personal Immunity
      • 21.1.3 Examples of Immunities
      • 21.1.4 Underlying Rationales and Values
    • 21.2 Functional Immunity and Its Limits
      • 21.2.1 The Pinochet Precedent
      • 21.2.2 Other Authorities: No Functional Immunity for Core Crimes?
        • Authorities Indicating No Functional Immunities for Core Crimes
        • An Open Question?
    • 21.3 Personal Immunity: No Exception Based on the Crimes Alleged
      • 21.3.1 State Practice and Jurisprudence
      • 21.3.2 The Arrest Warrant decision
        • Which Ministers Enjoy Personal Immunity?
        • Are Personal Immunities Established for Private Visits?
    • 21.4 Personal Immunity: Inroads in International Courts
      • 21.4.1 Security Council Decisions and the International Tribunals
      • 21.4.2 Relinquishment Directly to the ICC
      • 21.4.3 Security Council Referrals and the ICC
      • 21.4.4 The Taylor Theory: Is Personal Immunity Irrelevant Before International Courts?
        • ‘International Courts’ Theory
        • Grounds for Scepticism about the ‘International Court’ Theory
        • The ICC Al Bashir Decision
    • 21.5 Conclusion
    • Further Reading
  • 22 Alternatives and Complements to Criminal Prosecution
    • 22.1 Introduction
    • 22.2 Amnesties
      • 22.2.1 International Law and Amnesties
      • 22.2.2 ICC and Amnesties
      • 22.2.3 Domestic Jurisdictions and Amnesties
      • 22.2.4 Appraisal of Amnesties
    • 22.3 Truth Commissions
    • 22.4 Lustration
    • 22.5 Reparations and Civil Claims
    • 22.6 Local Justice Mechanisms
    • Further Reading
• Index

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