Human Trafficking: A Comprehensive Exploration of Modern Day Slavery
Lýsing:
Human Trafficking: A Comprehensive Exploration into Modern Day Slavery examines the legal, socio-cultural, historical, and political aspects of human trafficking and modern-day slavery. While most texts only cover sex trafficking and labor trafficking, this text takes a more inclusive approach, provide coverage of what is currently known about organ trafficking, child marriage, and child soldiers as well.
These topics are explored within the borders of the United States as well as across the world. The reality is that this problem is not limited to one country or, even, one continent. Technology and globalization have made this an international crisis that requires a collaborative and cooperative international response. The goal of this text is to provide an accurate understanding of all forms of human trafficking and current responses to this crime.
Annað
- Höfundar: Wendy Stickle, Shelby Hickman, Christine White
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 2019-08-19
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781544378466
- Print ISBN: 9781506375038
- ISBN 10: 1544378467
Efnisyfirlit
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- About the Authors
- Part I Fundamentals
- Chapter 1 Human Trafficking in Context
- No-So-Modern Slavery
- Challenge Yourself 1.1
- Root Causes of Human Trafficking: Supply, Demand, and Globalization
- International Definition of Human Trafficking
- Key Elements of Human Trafficking
- Trafficking Involves a Broad Range of Exploitive Practices and Is Not Limited to Sexual Exploitation
- Case Study: “Cristopher”
- Trafficking Does Not Require Movement
- Trafficking Does Not Require Physical Bondage
- Challenge Yourself 1.2
- Trafficking Is Distinct From Migrant Smuggling
- There Is No Such Thing as Consenting to Human Trafficking
- Focus on Migrant Workers in Thailand
- Anyone Can Be a Trafficker or a Victim of Human Trafficking
- Challenge Yourself 1.3
- Approaches to Combating Human Trafficking
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- No-So-Modern Slavery
- Chapter 2 Challenges, Resources, and Recommendations
- Challenges to Understanding Human Trafficking
- Definitions of Human Trafficking
- Challenge Yourself 2.1
- Focus on Child Marriage: An Example of Cultural Differences
- International Laws on Human Trafficking
- United States Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act
- Challenge Yourself 2.2
- Focus on Shared Hope International’s Protected Innocence Challenge
- Focus on State-Level Attention to Human Trafficking
- Additional Factors Causing Confusion in Understanding Human Trafficking
- Smuggling
- Case Study: “Sonia”
- Focus on the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center
- Men and Boys
- Data and Measurement
- Challenge Yourself 2.3
- Existing Resources to Improve Our Understanding of Human Trafficking
- The Trafficking in Persons Report
- Focus on the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Tier Rankings
- The TIP Report: Is It Effective?
- Politicization of the TIP Report
- Focus on the Reuters Investigative Report Into the 2015 TIP Report
- U.S. Authority
- Data and Methodological Challenges
- Challenges to Understanding Human Trafficking
- Global Resources to Monitor Human Trafficking
- The United Nations
- The Global Slavery Index
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Chapter 1 Human Trafficking in Context
- Chapter 3 Do Traditional Theories Help Us Understand Human Trafficking?
- Challenge Yourself 3.1
- Assessing the Cost/Benefit Ratio: The Motivations of the Trafficker, Victim, and Buyer
- Rational Choice Theory
- Routine Activities Theory
- Situational Crime Prevention
- Traffickers
- Focus on Proposed Application of SCP in Turkey to Reduce the Sex Trafficking of Females
- Victims
- Sex Buyers
- Moving Beyond Rational Thinking: Additional Considerations in Explaining the Behavior of Traffickers and Victims at the Individual Level
- Neutralizing the Decision to Traffic
- The Role of Strain in the Life of a Trafficking Victim
- Trauma Bonding
- Case Study: “Tiffany”: An Illustration of the Development of Trauma-Coerced Bonds
- Moving Beyond the Trafficker and Victim: Exploring the Impact of Ecological Factors
- Community and State Disorganization: Creating an Environment Fertile for Trafficking
- Globalization: Increasing the Options for Maximizing Profit While Reducing Protections to the Vulnerable
- Conclusion
- Challenge Yourself 3.2
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Case Study: “Jana”
- Who Is a Victim?
- The United States
- Global
- Turning Vulnerabilities Into Victimization
- Gender
- Push Factors
- Pull Factors
- Women Don’t Need to Be Saved
- Males Are Trafficked Too
- Challenge Yourself 4.1
- Youth
- Children Traveling Alone
- The Intersection of Child Welfare and Trafficking
- Weak Child Protection Laws and Policies
- Poverty
- Focus on the CNN Freedom Project
- Statelessness
- Focus on Statelessness in Thailand
- Statelessness and Human Trafficking
- Migrants and Refugees
- What Is Smuggling? Where Is It Happening?
- When the Smuggled Become the Trafficked
- Is This Human Trafficking?
- Case Study: The Life of Migrants Crossing the U.S. Southern Border
- Disabilities
- Challenge Yourself 4.2
- Religious Vulnerabilities
- Religious Belief Systems
- Religious Minorities
- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
- Political Instability, War, and Conflict
- Gender
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Challenge Yourself 5.1
- Motivation
- Offenders’ Self-Reported Justifications and Risk Mitigation Strategies
- Roles
- Recruiters
- Abusive Recruitment Practices
- Focus on Prosecution for Unfair Recruitment Practices
- Policies and Legislation Against Unfair Recruitment Practices
- Transporters
- Case Study: Recruiter Working in a Transit Station
- Buses and Trains
- Airplanes
- Case Study: Transportation Used by Trafficker to Exploit Victim, and Used by Victim for Escape
- Response
- Case Study: Flight Attendant Identifies Trafficker and Trafficking Victim
- Other Roles in Trafficking Operations
- Case Study: Manager in a Trafficking Operation
- Recruiters
- Organizational Structure of Trafficking Operations
- Focus on Human Trafficking by MS-13
- Case Study: Human Trafficking in a Regional Hierarchy—the Fuk Ching
- Characteristics of Traffickers
- Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background
- Gender
- Case Study: Female Trafficker Working With a Romantic Partner
- Victims Who Become Traffickers
- Age
- Family/Marital Status
- Case Study: Family Involvement in Trafficking
- Occupation
- Government Corruption
- Perceived Corruption
- Involvement of Corrupt Government Officials
- Case Study: Corruption at Multiple Levels of Government
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Chapter 6 The Colliding Worlds of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
- What Is Prostitution?
- Prevalence
- Demographics
- Gender
- Age
- Push Factors for Prostitution
- Poverty and Gender
- Abuse and Addiction
- Socialization
- Challenge Yourself 6.1
- Focus on Why and How Pimps Do What They Do
- Are Prostitution and Sex Trafficking the Same Thing?
- Case Study: The Challenges Faced by a Prostitute by Choice
- Regulating Prostitution
- The United States
- Challenge Yourself 6.2
- Focus on How All Laws Are Not Created Equal
- Acknowledging the Nonconsenting Sex Worker in the U.S.
- Focus on How What Happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas
- Global Perspectives
- International Trends in Regulating Prostitution
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Regulation
- Efforts to Control Prostitution and Their Impacts on Sex Trafficking
- Criminalization
- Challenge Yourself 6.3
- Abolition
- Focus on Sweden
- Decriminalization
- Focus on New Zealand
- Case Study: India’s Sex Work Collectives
- Legalization
- A New Model?
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Chapter 7 Moving Past the Prostitution Debate: An Examination of Sex Trafficking
- Case Study: “Tonya”
- An Introduction to Sex Trafficking
- Explaining the Prevalence of Sex Trafficking
- Challenge Yourself 7.1
- Stages in Sex Trafficking
- Recruitment
- Trafficking Experience
- Case Study: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
- Case Study: Violence in Brothels
- Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
- Identification
- Case Study: Escaping From Brothels
- Recovery and Reintegration
- Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
- Focus on the Challenge of Housing in the U.S.—Where to Place Sex Trafficking Victims Immediately After Identification
- Child Sex Trafficking
- Special Legislative Attention to Child Sex Trafficking
- United States
- International Law
- Focus on the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (“the Convention”)
- Magnitude
- Vulnerabilities
- Child Welfare Involvement
- Age
- Focus on Sex Trafficking and HIV/AIDS
- Race
- Drug Addiction
- Homelessness
- LGBTQ Youth
- Focus on Gang Involvement and Sex Trafficking
- Special Legislative Attention to Child Sex Trafficking
- Women and Children Are Not the Only Victims
- Males
- Challenge Yourself 7.2
- Case Study: Urban Light
- LGBTQ Individuals
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Chapter 8 Sex Trafficking: Demand and Prevention
- Demand
- Sex Tourism
- Challenge Yourself 8.1
- The Use of the Internet to Drive Demand
- Challenge Yourself 8.2
- Focus on FOSTA: The Takedown of Backpage
- Challenge Yourself 8.3
- Reactions to Sex Trafficking
- Prevention
- Trauma-Informed Care
- Research
- Using Technology for Good
- DARPA
- Thorn
- Project Vic
- Demand
- Protection
- Safe Harbor
- Challenge Yourself 8.4
- Post-Conviction Relief
- Human Trafficking Courts
- Temporary Visas
- United States
- Canada
- United Kingdom
- Challenge Yourself 8.5
- Prosecution
- Case Study: “Jennifer”
- Focus on the Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal Case Law Database
- Case Study: Successful Investigations Lead to Successful Prosecutions
- Partnership
- Task Forces
- Other Forms of Partnership
- Focus on Strategies to Reduce Sex Trafficking Between Nepal and India
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Chapter 9 More Than Unfair Labor Practices
- What Is Labor Trafficking?
- Unfair Practices Versus Labor Trafficking
- Challenge Yourself 9.1
- Portrait of Labor Trafficking in the U.S.
- Prevalence
- Laws
- Focus on the 13th Amendment
- U.S. Law
- Focus on Which U.S. Government Agencies Are Involved in Anti-Trafficking Efforts
- Migrant Workers in the U.S.
- Focus on History of Temporary Work Visa Programs in the U.S.
- Case Study: H-2B Visa
- Portrait of Labor Trafficking Globally
- Prevalence
- Challenge Yourself 9.2
- Revenue
- Industries
- Domestic Work
- Case Study: Qatar Commits to Strengthen Workers’ Rights for Two Million Migrants
- Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
- Construction, Manufacturing, Mining, Utilities, and Hospitality
- International Laws
- Case Study: Labor Trafficking in the United Kingdom
- Vulnerabilities and Demographics of Labor Trafficking Victims
- Migration
- Age
- Gender
- Education and Literacy
- Poverty
- Marginalized Populations
- Child Labor Trafficking
- Case Study: Forced Labor in North Korea
- Case Study: Forced Labor of Talibés
- Consequences of Child Labor Trafficking
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Full-Length Case Studies
- What Is Labor Trafficking?
- Chapter 10 Responses to Labor Trafficking
- Reactions to Labor Trafficking
- Challenge Yourself 10.1
- Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Existing Responses to Labor Trafficking
- Human Rights Approach
- Labor Approach
- Review of Human Rights Guaranteed by International Statutes
- Research
- Data-Driven Responses to Labor Trafficking
- Use of Financial Services Data
- Challenge Yourself 10.2
- Use of Big Data to Identify Traffickers
- Focus on the Global Emancipation Network
- Recovery: The Identification of Traffickers and Victims
- Prioritize Prosecution of Civil Labor Violations
- Increase Investigation Efforts
- Focus on Justice at Work
- Involve Health Care Providers
- Case Study: When Traffickers Have Diplomatic Immunity
- Case Study: Health Care Provider Identifies Labor Trafficking Victim
- Transparency in Supply Chain Laws, aka “Name and Shame”
- Focus on Supply Chain Transparency
- Resources and Restoration
- Case Study: Recovery and Restoration For Natalia
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Reactions to Labor Trafficking
- Chapter 11 Child Soldiers
- Case Study: Junior Nzita Nsuami
- Historical Context
- Definition
- Focus on Definitions
- Where Are Child Soldiers Found?
- Country-Level Examples
- Is This Human Trafficking?
- Risk Factors
- Age Blindness
- Structural Factors
- Challenge Yourself 11.1
- Individual-Level Factors
- Case Study: Child Soldiers in Africa: A Synopsis of Armed & Underage, an Exposé of Child Soldiers in Africa
- The Experiences of Child Soldiers
- Recruitment
- Living as a Child Soldier
- Exposure to Violence and Sexual Exploitation
- Reintegration
- Case Study: Boko Haram
- Risk Factors
- Responses to the Use of Child Soldiers
- International Responses
- Improvements to Existing Policy
- Focus on Child Soldiers International’s 10-Point Checklist
- The U.S. Child Soldiers Prevention Act
- The United States’ Failed Opportunity
- International Responses
- Consequences
- Psychological Consequences
- Community Acceptance
- Other Forms of Human Trafficking
- Moving Forward
- Challenge Yourself 11.2
- Focus on Sierra Leone
- Research
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Brief History of Organ Transplantation
- Challenge Yourself 12.1
- Brief History of Trafficking in Organs
- Forms of Trafficking in Organs
- Legal and Ethical Frameworks Pertaining to Trafficking in Organs
- Guiding Instruments
- Legally Binding Instruments
- Case Study: Harvesting Organs From Prisoners in China
- Prevalence of Organ Trafficking
- Causes of Organ Trafficking
- Structure of Organ-Trafficking Operations
- Local Middlemen/Recruiters
- International Coordinators/Brokers
- Medical Professionals
- Case Study: Medical Professional Acts as International Coordinator
- Medical Facilities and Administrative Staff
- Lab Technicians
- Administrative Health Officials
- Health Insurance Companies
- Corrupt Government Officials
- Focus on a Medical Facility Involved in Trafficking
- Victim Donors
- Outcomes for Donors
- Organ Recipients
- Outcomes for Recipients
- Case Study: Doctor Charged With Organized Crime: The Medicus Clinic
- Organ Trafficking as Organized Crime
- Challenge Yourself 12.2
- Research
- Economic Approaches
- Challenge Yourself 12.3
- Challenge Yourself 12.4
- Recovery
- Identification of Traffickers and Victims
- Policy Measures
- Resources and Restoration
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resource
- Case Study: Talamt
- The Fundaments of Forced and Child Marriage
- Challenge Yourself 13.1
- The Prevalence of Forced and Child Marriage
- Gender
- Age
- Case Study: Slave Grooms
- The Condemnation of Child Marriage
- If Condemnation Isn’t Universal, Is Child Marriage So Wrong?
- Challenge Yourself 13.2
- Global Perspectives of Child Marriage
- Asia
- Africa
- Focus on India: Efforts to Reduce Child Marriage
- A Comparison of Child Marriage Hot Spots
- Focus on Ghana
- The Americas
- Focus on Tahirih Justice Center’s Work on Forced Marriage
- Europe
- What Fuels Child Marriage?
- Poverty
- Culture, Religion, and Social Norms
- Focus on Additional Factors That Contribute to Child Marriage
- The Consequences of Child Marriage
- Limited Education
- A Call for Education and Empowerment
- Exposure to Domestic Violence
- Sexual Health
- Pregnancy
- Case Study: Aysheh
- Focus on Obstetric Fistulas
- Mental Health
- Limited Education
- Responding to Forced and Child Marriage
- International Response
- Focus on Reducing Child Marriage in Ethiopia: A Promising Intervention
- Predicting the Future of Child Marriage
- Conclusion
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Resources
- Overview
- Challenge Yourself 14.1
- Defining Elements
- Challenge Yourself 14.2
- Root Causes
- Challenge Yourself 14.3
- Research
- Identifying Traffickers
- Where Do We Go From Here?
- Case Study: “Now I Dare to Speak”: SYSTERM Students Reflect on the Project’s Impact
- Remaining Issues in the Field of Human Trafficking
- Primary Prevention Efforts
- Educational Programs
- Demand Reduction Efforts
- Focus on “I Am Little Red”
- Public Awareness Campaigns
- Focus on John Schools
- Focus on Responsible Public Awareness Campaigns for Anti-trafficking
- Secondary Prevention Efforts
- Tertiary Prevention Efforts
- Victim/Survivor Services
- Prosecuting Traffickers
- Challenge Yourself 14.4
- Primary Prevention Efforts
- Final Remarks
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 14703
- Útgáfuár : 2019
- Leyfi : 380