Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Note To Instructors
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Unit I. Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
  • Chapter 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
    • Cells are the Living Units of the Body
    • Extracellular Fluid—the “Internal Environment”
    • Homeostasis—Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment
    • Control Systems of the Body
    • Summary—Automaticity of the Body
  • Chapter 2. The Cell and Its Functions
    • Organization of the Cell
    • Cell Structure
    • Comparison of the Animal Cell With Precellular Forms of Life
    • Functional Systems of the Cell
    • Locomotion of Cells
  • Chapter 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
    • Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis
    • Transcription—Transfer of Cell Nucleus Dna Code to Cytoplasm Rna Code
    • Translation—Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes
    • Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
    • Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
    • The dna–Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
    • Cell Differentiation
    • Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death
    • Cancer
• Unit II. Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
  • Chapter 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
    • The Cell Membrane is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
    • Diffusion
    • Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes
  • Chapter 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
    • Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
    • Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
    • Neuron Action Potential
    • Propagation of the Action Potential
    • Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism
    • Plateau in Some Action Potentials
    • Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues—Repetitive Discharge
    • Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
    • Excitation—The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential
    • Refractory Period After an Action Potential, During Which a new Stimulus Cannot be Elicited
  • Chapter 6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
    • Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
    • General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
    • Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
    • Energetics of Muscle Contraction
    • Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
  • Chapter 7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
    • Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers
    • Muscle Action Potential
    • Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  • Chapter 8. Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
    • Contraction of Smooth Muscle
    • Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions
    • Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
• Unit III. The Heart
  • Chapter 9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
    • Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
    • Cardiac Cycle
    • Regulation of Heart Pumping
  • Chapter 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
    • Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
    • Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
  • Chapter 11. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography
    • Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram
    • Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
    • Electrocardiographic Leads
  • Chapter 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
    • Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
    • Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
    • Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular qrs and its Significance
    • Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the Qrs Complex
    • Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the Qrs Complex
    • Current of Injury
    • Abnormalities in the T Wave
  • Chapter 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
    • Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
    • Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
    • Premature Contractions
    • Paroxysmal Tachycardia
    • Ventricular Fibrillation
    • Atrial Fibrillation
    • Atrial Flutter
    • Cardiac Arrest
• Unit IV. The Circulation
  • Chapter 14. Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
    • Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
    • Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
    • Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
  • Chapter 15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
    • Vascular Distensibility
    • Arterial Pressure Pulsations
    • Veins and Their Functions
    • Clinical Estimation of Venous Pressure
    • Direct Measurement of Venous Pressure and Right Atrial Pressure
    • Pressure Reference Level for Measuring Venous and Other Circulatory Pressures
    • Blood-Cleansing Function of the Spleen—Removal of Old Cells
    • Reticuloendothelial Cells of the Spleen
  • Chapter 16. The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
    • Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
    • Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion
    • Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
    • Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
    • Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries
    • Lymphatic System
  • Chapter 17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
    • Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
    • Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
    • Humoral Control of the Circulation
  • Chapter 18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
    • Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
    • Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
  • Chapter 19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
    • Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
    • Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control
    • Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation
  • Chapter 20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
    • Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
    • Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
    • Methods For Measuring Cardiac Output
  • Chapter 21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
    • Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
    • Coronary Circulation
  • Chapter 22. Cardiac Failure
    • Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
    • Unilateral Left Heart Failure
    • Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock
    • Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure
    • Cardiac Reserve
    • Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure
    • Heart Failure With Diastolic Dysfunction and Normal Ejection Fraction
    • High-Output Cardiac Failure
  • Chapter 23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
    • Heart Sounds
    • Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
    • Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
    • Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery
    • Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
  • Chapter 24. Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
    • Physiological Causes of Shock
    • Shock Caused by Hypovolemia—Hemorrhagic Shock
    • Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity
    • Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
    • Septic Shock
    • Physiology of Treatment in Shock
    • Circulatory Arrest
• Unit V. The Body Fluids and Kidneys
  • Chapter 25. Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema
    • Fluid Intake and Output ARE Balanced During Steady-State Conditions
    • Body Fluid Compartments
    • Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
    • Measurement of Body Fluid Compartment Volumes—Indicator-Dilution Principle
    • Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
    • Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
    • Glucose and Other Solutions Administered For Nutritive Purposes
    • Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
    • Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
    • Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body
  • Chapter 26. The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys
    • Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
    • Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys
    • Micturition
    • Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
  • Chapter 27. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
    • Glomerular Filtration—The First Step in Urine Formation
    • Determinants of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
    • Renal Blood Flow
    • Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
    • Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow
  • Chapter 28. Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
    • Tubular Reabsorption is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
    • Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
    • Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
    • Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
    • Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
  • Chapter 29. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
    • Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
    • Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
    • Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism Produces Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium
    • Loop of Henle Characteristics That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla
    • Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
    • Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
    • Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
  • Chapter 30. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
    • Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
    • Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
    • Regulation of Renal Phosphate Excretion
    • Regulation of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
    • Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
    • Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
    • Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
    • Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase Effectiveness of Renal–Body Fluid Feedback Control
    • Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
    • Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
    • Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume With Normal or Reduced Blood Volume
  • Chapter 31. Acid–Base Regulation
    • Hydrogen Ion Concentration is Precisely Regulated
    • Acids and Bases—Definitions and Meanings
    • Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
    • Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
    • Bicarbonate Buffer System
    • Phosphate Buffer System
    • Proteins are Important Intracellular Buffers
    • Respiratory Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
    • Renal Control of Acid–Base Balance
    • Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3− by the Renal Tubules
    • Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers In the Tubule Generates “New” HCO3−
    • Quantifying Renal Acid–Base Excretion
    • Regulation of Renal Tubular H+ Secretion
    • Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3− to the Extracellular Fluid
    • Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3−
  • Chapter 32. Diuretics and Kidney Diseases
    • Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
    • Kidney Diseases
    • Acute Kidney Injury
    • Chronic Kidney Disease is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons
• Unit VI. Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
  • Chapter 33. Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
    • Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
    • Anemias
    • Polycythemia
  • Chapter 34. Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
    • Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
    • Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
    • Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Leukopenia
    • Leukemias
  • Chapter 35. Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy
    • Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
    • Allergy and Hypersensitivity
  • Chapter 36. Blood Types; Transfusion; and Tissue and Organ Transplantation
    • Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
    • O-A-B Blood Types
    • Rh Blood Types
    • Transfusion Reactions Resulting From Mismatched Blood Types
    • Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
  • Chapter 37. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
    • Hemostasis Events
    • Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
    • Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
    • Thromboembolic Conditions
    • Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
    • Blood Coagulation Tests
• Unit VII. Respiration
  • Chapter 38. Pulmonary Ventilation
    • Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
    • Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
    • Alveolar Ventilation
  • Chapter 39. Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid
    • Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
    • Pressures in the Pulmonary System
    • Blood Volume of the Lungs
    • Blood Flow Through the Lungs And its Distribution
    • Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
    • Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
    • Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
  • Chapter 40. Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
    • Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different
    • Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
  • Chapter 41. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
    • Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues
    • Transport of Co2 in Blood
    • Respiratory Exchange Ratio
  • Chapter 42. Regulation of Respiration
    • Respiratory Center
    • Chemical Control of Respiration
    • Peripheral Chemoreceptor System—Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
    • Regulation of Respiration During Exercise
  • Chapter 43. Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
    • Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
    • Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
    • Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
    • Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
    • Artificial Respiration
• Unit VIII. Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology
  • Chapter 44. Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology
    • Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
  • Chapter 45. Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
    • Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
    • Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (Scuba) Diving
    • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• Unit IX. The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
  • Chapter 46. Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
    • General Design of the Nervous System
    • Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
    • Comparison of the Nervous System to A Computer
    • Central Nervous System Synapses
    • Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
  • Chapter 47. Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
    • Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli they Detect
    • Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses
    • Signal Intensity Transmission in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation
    • Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
    • Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
  • Chapter 48. Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses
    • Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System
    • Transmission in the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
    • Transmission of Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
  • CHAPTER 49. Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations
    • Fast Pain and Slow Pain and Their Qualities
    • Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
    • Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System
    • Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
    • Referred Pain
    • Thermal Sensations
• Unit X. The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
  • Chapter 50. The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
    • Physical Principles of Optics
    • Optics of the Eye
    • Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid
  • Chapter 51. The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
    • Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
    • Photochemistry of Vision
    • Color Vision
    • Neural Function of the Retina
  • Chapter 52. The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
    • Visual Pathways
    • Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex
    • Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Images
    • Eye Movements and Their Control
    • Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture
  • Chapter 53. The Sense of Hearing
    • Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System
    • Cochlea
    • Central Auditory Mechanisms
  • Chapter 54. The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell
    • Sense of Taste
    • Sense of Smell
• Unit XI. The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
  • Chapter 55. Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes
    • Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions
    • Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control
    • Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes
    • Crossed Extensor Reflex
    • Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation
    • Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion
  • Chapter 56. Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
    • Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
    • Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem
    • Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
  • Chapter 57. Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Overall Motor Control
    • The Cerebellum and its Motor Functions
    • The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions
    • Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
  • Chapter 58. Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory
    • Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
    • Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
    • The Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
    • Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory
  • Chapter 59. The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus—Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain
    • Activating—Driving Systems Of The Brain
    • Limbic System
    • The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System
    • Specific Functions Of Other Parts Of The Limbic System
  • Chapter 60. States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia
    • Sleep
    • Brain Waves
    • Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems in Brain Disorders
    • Alzheimer's Disease—Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory
  • Chapter 61. The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
    • General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
    • Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function
    • Selective Stimulation of Target Organs by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems or “Mass Discharge”
    • Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • Chapter 62. Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
    • Cerebral Blood Flow
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid System
    • Brain Metabolism
• Unit XII. Gastrointestinal Physiology
  • Chapter 63. General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation
    • General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility
    • Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System
    • Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
    • Functional Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation
  • Chapter 64. Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
    • Ingestion of Food
    • Motor Functions of the Stomach
    • Movements of the Small Intestine
    • Movements of the Colon
    • Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity
  • Chapter 65. Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
    • General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion
    • Secretion of Saliva
    • Gastric Secretion
    • Pancreatic Secretion
    • Bile Secretion by the Liver
    • Secretions of the Small Intestine
    • Secretion of Mucus by The Large Intestine
  • Chapter 66. Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Digestion of Various Foods by Hydrolysis
    • Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption
    • Absorption in the Small Intestine
    • Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces
  • Chapter 67. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Unit XIII. Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
  • Chapter 68. Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Chapter 69. Lipid Metabolism
    • Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)
    • Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids
  • Chapter 70. Protein Metabolism
  • Chapter 71. The Liver
    • Fat Metabolism
  • Chapter 72. Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
    • Energy Intake And Output are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions
    • Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
  • Chapter 73. Energetics and Metabolic Rate
  • Chapter 74. Body Temperature Regulation and Fever
    • Normal Body Temperatures
    • Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss
    • Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus
    • Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation
• Unit XIV. Endocrinology and Reproduction
  • Chapter 75. Introduction to Endocrinology
    • Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers
    • Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
    • Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood
    • Mechanisms of Action of Hormones
  • Chapter 76. Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
    • Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus
    • Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion
    • Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
    • Posterior Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus
  • Chapter 77. Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
    • Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
    • Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
    • Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
  • Chapter 78. Adrenocortical Hormones
    • Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
    • Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
    • Functions of Mineralocorticoids—Aldosterone
    • Functions of Glucocorticoids
  • Chapter 79. Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
    • Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
    • Glucagon and its Functions
    • Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation
  • Chapter 80. Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
    • Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
    • Bone and its Relationship to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate
    • Vitamin D
    • Parathyroid Hormone
    • Calcitonin
    • Summary of Control of Calcium ion Concentration
    • Physiology of the Teeth
  • Chapter 81. Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
    • Spermatogenesis
    • Male Sexual Act
    • Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones
  • Chapter 82. Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
    • Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs
    • Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries
    • Female Hormonal System
    • Monthly Ovarian Cycle and Function of Gonadotropic Hormones
    • Functions of Ovarian Hormones—Estradiol and Progesterone
    • Regulation of Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
    • Female Sexual Act
  • Chapter 83. Pregnancy and Lactation
    • Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
    • Early Nutrition of the Embryo
    • Anatomy and Function of the Placenta
    • Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
    • Parturition
    • Lactation
  • Chapter 84. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
• Unit XV. Sports Physiology
  • Chapter 85. Sports Physiology
• Index
• Normal Values for Selected Common Laboratory Measurements

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