Globalization: A Basic Text
AnnaðHöfundur: George Ritzer, Paul DeanÚtgáfa:2Útgáfudagur: 12/29/2014Engar takmarkanir á...
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Annað
- Höfundur: George Ritzer, Paul Dean
- Útgáfa:2
- Útgáfudagur: 12/29/2014
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781118688731
- Print ISBN: 9781118687123
- ISBN 10: 1118688732
Efnisyfirlit
- Front Matter
- Dedication
- About the Website
- For Students
- For Instructors
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Globalization I: Liquids, Flows, and Structures
- Globalization:
- Some of the Basics
- Globality:
- Metaphors:
- From Solids to Liquids (To Gases)
- Solids
- Solidity:
- Liquids and Gases
- Liquidity:
- Gaseousness:
- Solids
- Flows
- Flows:
- Types of Flows
- Interconnected flows:
- Multidirectional flows:
- Conflicting flows:
- Reverse flows:
- Economic globalization:
- Figure 1.1 Transportation routes. Nearly all of the world's freight headed for international destinations is transported via ships in standardized containers. These sealed metal containers have dramatically altered the face of international freight transport. They are designed to be easily transferred from one mode of transport to another, for instance, from a ship to a train, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing cost. As with passenger airline traffic, maritime freight traffic is concentrated. The largest ten ports, led by Singapore, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and South Louisiana, handle more than 50% of global freight traffic.
- Figure 1.2 Airline passenger volume. Air travel, the dominant mode of international passenger transportation, was once limited to the wealthy and those traveling for business. With increased competition, lower fares, and a growing global economy, air travel has boomed over the last 30 years. It is expected to steadily increase over the next five years, particularly in China and other parts of Asia, despite economic instability in the airline industry and concerns over terrorism. Air traffic is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere between Europe and North America, with increasing volume to East Asia. Nearly 600 million passengers pass through the doors of the world's ten busiest airports, led by Atlanta, Chicago, London, Tokyo, and Los Angeles.
- Tourists:
- Vagabonds:
- Structures:
- Discussion Questions
- Is There Such a Thing as Globalization?
- Globalists:
- Skeptics:
- Is It Globalization or Transnationalization?
- Transnationalism:
- Transnationality:
- If There is Such a Thing as Globalization, When Did It Begin?
- Hardwired
- Cycles
- Phases
- Events
- Figure 2.1 Mobile-cellular subscriptions. The world is more connected now than ever before with 7 billion mobile-cellular phone subscriptions. Nonetheless, the number of subscriptions per country is uneven.
- Broader, More Recent Changes
- Globalization or Globalizations?
- Economic
- Political
- Political globalization:
- Cultural
- Cultural globalization:
- Religion
- Science
- Health and Medicine
- Sport
- Education
- What Drives Globalization?
- Does Globalization Hop Rather than Flow?
- If There is Such a Thing as Globalization, is it Inexorable?
- Globalization from above:
- Globalization from below:
- Does Globaphilia or Globaphobia Have the Upper Hand?
- Globaphilia:
- Globaphobia:
- Globaphilia
- Globaphobia
- Finding a Middle Ground
- What, If Anything, Can be Done about Globalization?
- Nothing!
- Reification:
- Everything!
- Necessary Actions are Already Underway
- More, Perhaps Much More, Needs to be Done
- Nothing!
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- Additional Readings
- Notes
- Imperialism
- Imperialism:
- Cultural imperialism:
- Media imperialism:
- The New Imperialism
- Colonialism
- Colonialism:
- Postcolonialism
- Postcolonialism:
- Development:
- Dependency theory:
- World system theory:
- Westernization:
- Easternization:
- Figure 3.1 Global English. Places where English has one or more of the following roles: as the national or as an official language, as a language in which more than 50% of the general population has fluency, as the lingua franca of government, higher education, and commerce in plural societies, and as an outpost dating from colonial times.
- Americanization:
- Americanization without America:
- A Broader and Deeper View of the Americanization of Consumer Culture
- Minimizing the Importance of Americanization
- Anti-Americanism
- Discussion Questions
- Neoliberalism:
- The Past, Present, and Future of Neoliberalism
- Structural adjustment:
- Ideology:
- Neoliberalism: An Exemplary Statement and the Basic Principles
- Free market:
- Market fundamentalism:
- Deregulation:
- Limited government:
- Popular Neoliberal “Theory”: The Case of Thomas Friedman
- The Lexus and the Olive Tree
- Free-market capitalism:
- The World is Flat
- The Lexus and the Olive Tree
- Critiquing Neoliberalism
- The Early Thinking of Karl Polanyi
- Laissez faire:
- Double movement:
- Contemporary Criticisms of Neoliberalism
- The Early Thinking of Karl Polanyi
- Neoliberalism as Exception
- Export Processing Zone (EPZ):
- Graduated sovereignty:
- Growth triangles:
- Neoliberalism: The Case of Israel
- The End of History
- The Death of Neoliberalism?
- Neo-Marxian Theoretical Alternatives to Neoliberalism
- Transnational Capitalism
- Figure 4.1 The top 50 billionaires. This figure shows the world's top 50 billionaires, which is just a small fraction of the transnational capitalist class. While the wealthiest individuals are spread around the globe, they are disproportionately concentrated in the USA.
- Precariat:
- Empire
- Empire:
- Deterritorialization:
- Transnational Capitalism
- Discussion Questions
- On Political Processes and Flows
- The Nation-State
- Nation:
- National identity:
- Nationalism:
- State:
- Nation-state:
- Threats to the Nation-State
- Global flows and processes
- International human rights
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 13
- Article 15
- Article 19
- Article 22
- Article 30
- “Shadows of war”
- Transnational discourse communities
- Imagined community:
- League of Nations
- United Nations
- As an arena for nation-state decision-making
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)13
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- Group of Eight
- Organization of American States (OAS)
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- African Union (AU)17
- Figure 5.1 World areas of recurrent conflict. Certain areas of the world have been affected by recurrent conflict over the past two generations (blue); several countries regarded as failed states are among those afflicted, including pre-intervention Afghanistan and postcolonial Somalia. Other countries (gray) are seen as being under stress as “candidates for failure” by the World Bank and other agencies.
- Civil society:
- Global civil society:
- International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs)
- International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs):
- Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs):
- INGOs and Globalization
- Discussion Questions
- Before Bretton Woods
- A Prior Epoch of Globalization
- Economic Development During and After WW II
- Autarky:
- International Trade Organization
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
- Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS):
- Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
- Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs):
- Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
- “Rounds”
- Structural adjustment:
- Euro Zone
- Mexican Corn
- The Reaction to NAFTA in the US
- Multinational corporation (MNC):
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
- Portfolio investment:
- Greenfield investment:
- The Developing World's Multinationals
- Discussion Questions
- Trade
- Trade Surpluses and Deficits
- Global Trade: Economic Chains and Networks
- Figure 7.1 Trade flow. International trade of goods is a major avenue of globalization. The arrows show the value of trade between major regions of the world. More than half of world trade occurs between high-income areas such as Japan, the United States, and Western Europe (as well as China). Trade is increasing, however, between these high-income countries and developing countries in Asia, South America, and Africa. Lowered trade barriers offer opportunities for low-income countries, although still limited. Labor-intensive merchandise, such as textiles, can be produced and exported at a low cost from developing nations. Trade in agricultural commodities is a key issue between developing and high-income countries. Two billion families in the world make a living from farming. About 60 countries are dependent on commodities for more than 40% of their export income – in some African countries the figure is 80%. Stormy meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO) focus on making the European Union (EU) and the United States end subsidies to their farmers to increase trade opportunities for developing nations.
- Supply chains:
- International production networks:
- Global commodity chains:
- Global value chains:
- Global Value Chains: China and the US
- Scrap metal
- Waste paper
- T-shirts
- iPhones
- “Used” factories
- Automobiles
- Oil Wealth
- Oil Imports to Oil-Rich Nations
- Increasing Food Prices
- Race to the bottom:
- Upgrading in the Less Developed World?
- Industrial upgrading:
- Outsourcing:
- Offshore outsourcing:
- Creative Destruction and Outsourcing
- The Great Recession
- Sovereign wealth funds:
- Changing Corporate Structure
- MBA Students
- Management Ideas
- Hyperconsumption:
- Hyperdebt:
- Consumer Objects and Services
- Consumers
- Consumption Processes
- Consumption Sites
- Wal-Mart stores in India
- Big Boy in Bangkok
- Global theme parks
- Global Resistance
- Discussion Questions
- Cultural Differentialism
- Cultural differentialism:
- Civilizations
- Religion
- Islam
- Figure 8.1 The domains of the major religions. At this scale, the map cannot display sectarian divisions or even significant religious minorities (such as the large Muslim presence in Hindu-dominated India). In tropical Africa, Christianity is the leading non-indigenous faith. Confucianism and Taoism are belief systems rather than religions in the traditional sense.
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
- Christianity
- Judaism
- Islam
- Cultural hybridization:
- Glocalization:
- Hybridization:
- Creolization:
- Muslim Girl Scouts
- Salsa
- Appadurai's “Landscapes”
- Ethnoscapes:
- Technoscapes:
- Financescapes:
- Mediascapes:
- Ideoscapes:
- Cultural convergence:
- Cultural Imperialism
- Indian sari weavers
- India's professional letter-writers
- Deterritorialization
- World Culture13
- World culture:
- Isomorphism:
- McDonaldization
- McDonaldization:
- McDonaldization, expansionism, and globalization
- Beyond fast food
- The Globalization of Nothing
- Grobalization:
- Nothing:
- Something:
- Non-places:
- Non-things:
- Non-people:
- Non-services:
- Sport: Global, Glocal, Grobal
- Isolated role of US
- Local, glocal, grobal
- Cricket: local, glocal, or grobal?
- Discussion Questions
- Technology, Time-Space Compression, and Distanciation
- Time-space compression:
- Time-space distanciation:
- Medical Technologies
- Space-Based Technologies
- Leapfrogging
- Leapfrogging:
- Media Imperialism
- “Media were American”
- New Global Media
- Indymedia
- Thinking about the Global Media
- Online Social Networking
- Prosumers:
- Spam and Computer Viruses
- Figure 9.1 Spread of computer virus. This map shows the spread of the CodeRed worm on July 19, 2001, which disproportionately affected small businesses and home users. Some 360,000 computers were infected, spreading in early (light gray), middle (mid-gray), and late (dark gray) zones. Clearly, not all software programs are benign. Programs designed to intentionally disrupt, damage, or interfere with computer functions, files, and data are commonly referred to as computer viruses. Much like human-spread viruses, they range in complexity, severity, and speed of transmission. One particularly fast-spreading type of virus is called worms. They spread themselves automatically by controlling other software programs such as e-mail.
- The Internet in China
- Internet Surveillance
- Global Internet Governance
- Wikileaks
- Social Media and Social Movements
- High-Tech Flows and Barriers
- Discussion Questions
- Migrants
- International migrants:
- Temporary labor migrants:
- Irregular migrants:
- Highly skilled migrants:
- Forced migrants:
- Refugees:
- Asylum seekers:
- Family reunification migrants:
- Return migrants:
- Migration
- Figure 10.1 The world divided: core and periphery in the early twenty-first century. The numbers refer to places where governments try to stem the tide of undocumented migrants moving from periphery to core.
- Flows of Migrants To and From the US
- Undocumented Mexican migrants to the US
- Migrants through Mexico and to the US
- Increased law enforcement
- Returning undocumented immigrants
- Flow of Migrants Elsewhere in the World
- Migrants in Europe
- Great Britain
- Sweden
- Greece
- Undocumented immigrants in Asia
- Migrants in Europe
- The Case Against the Backlash to Undocumented Immigration
- Remittances
- Remittances:
- Western Union and the business of global remittances
- Diaspora
- Diaspora:
- Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the US
- Brain Drain
- Brain drain:
- Israel
- Japan
- The South
- Questioning the brain drain
- Brain gain:
- Human trafficking:
- Sex Trafficking
- Labor Trafficking
- Specialized Forms of Tourism
- Ecotourism:
- Ethnotourism:
- Adverse Effects of Tourism
- Discussion Questions
- Modernization and Environmental Flows
- Modernization:
- Ecological economics:
- Differences Among Nation-States
- Global Climate Change
- Anthropocene:
- Rising sea levels
- Climate refugees:
- Loss of biodiversity
- Figure 11.1 Coastline at 10 meters. Shown in blue are the areas at risk from rising sea levels and severe storms in this time of climate change. The 10-meter (about 33-foot) contour suggests that relatively little territory would be lost. But take a magnifying glass and see the implications for East China, Western Europe, and the Southeastern United States, among other urbanized regions.
- Threats to food security
- Global warming and health
- Other Environmental Problems
- Destruction of Natural Habitats
- Decline of Fish and Whales
- Ocean fishing
- Whaling
- Decline in Usable Farmland
- Increasingly Inaccessible Supplies of Fossil Fuels
- Decline in Fresh Water
- Figure 11.2 Global water risk. Global warming and human usage are threatening the water supplies in many parts of the world. This map illustrates the levels of water risk, with northern Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia experiencing the highest levels of risk. As these risks become realized, conflicts over water are likely to increase.
- The paradox of bottled water
- Toxic Chemicals
- Population Growth
- Global Flows of Waste
- Global Responses
- Sustainable Development
- Sustainable development:
- Dealing with Climate Change
- Carbon Tax
- Carbon tax:
- Cap-and-Trade
- Cap-and-trade:
- Carbon Neutral
- Carbon neutrality:
- Alternative Fuels and Power Sources
- Hybrid technology
- Ethanol
- Palm oil
- Solar power
- A Technological Fix?
- Economic Issues
- Opposing Environmentalism
- Sustainable Development
- From Lightness to Heaviness in Environmental Flows
- Collapse
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- Additional Readings
- Notes
- Dangerous Imports
- Food
- Chemicals
- Fish
- Trade protectionism:
- Figure 12.1 Malaria. As an example of a borderless disease, malaria continues to threaten several regions in the world. The areas with greatest risk include sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and northern South America.
- HIV/AIDS
- Flu
- Ebola Virus
- Tropical Diseases in Europe
- Chikungunya Virus
- Global Military Structures
- Drones and Other Technology
- Information War
- Information war:
- Cyberwar
- Discussion Questions
- Class Inequality
- Social class:
- Inequality in the World System
- “The Bottom Billion”
- Conflict trap
- Conflict trap:
- Natural resources trap
- Natural resources trap:
- Trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors
- Bad governance trap
- Conflict trap
- Growing Global Inequality in Health and Health Care
- Global Digital Divide
- E-waste and Inequality
- Is Global Economic Inequality Increasing or Decreasing?
- Rural–urban Inequality
- Rural
- Relations of agricultural production
- Relations of social production
- Relations of social production:
- Relations of resistance
- Relations of resistance:
- Rural
- Urban
- Figure 13.1 World metro population. The world's largest cities in 2014.
- Global cities
- Global cities:
- World cities
- Figure 13.2 Cities powering globalization. Ranking cities in terms of their role in the globalization process is problematic and tendentious. There is general agreement that New York, London, and Tokyo rank as the world's three dominant cities, but beyond this there is no consensus. This version, one of many, shows both Friedmann's categorization of world cities and Sassen's geopolitical urban vectors, which she predicts to become the most significant in the coming decade.
- Megacities (and beyond)
- Megacities:
- Megalopolis:
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Discussion Questions
- Intersectionality:
- Defining Majority–minority Relations
- Minority group:
- Majority group:
- Orientalism:
- The Social Construction of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality
- Race:
- Ethnic group:
- Racism:
- Xenophobia:
- Sex:
- Gender:
- Pluralism:
- Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
- Genocide:
- Ethnic cleansing:
- Globalization and Race Relations in the US
- Figure 14.1 Serbia and its neighbors. The still-evolving political geography of the former Yugoslavia and Albania. Landlocked, dominantly Muslim Kosovo remains a challenge.
- Globalization and Race Relations in Europe
- French riots and protests
- The Latin Americanization of Race Relations
- Gender and the Economy
- Figure 14.2 World maternal mortality. Childbirth still entails far greater risk in the global periphery than in the core, annually ranging from over 1,000 per 100,000 births in much of Africa to under 20 in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia.
- Feminization of labor:
- Global Care Chains
- Global care chains:
- Mail-order Brides
- Figure 14.3 Legality of homosexual acts. Some countries, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, have made homosexual acts illegal. Mauritania, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and some localities have made it punishable by death.
- The International Women's Movement
- Figure 14.4 Enfranchisement of women. Women's enfranchisement began in the late nineteenth century and is still not universal.
- Local Responses to Global Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Dealing with Globalization
- Dealing with The Global Economy
- Protectionism
- Protectionism:
- Fair trade
- Fair trade:
- Helping the “bottom billion”
- Protectionism
- Dealing with Political Globalization
- Accountability
- Transparency
- Transparency International (TI)
- Dealing with Global Health Issues
- Dealing with The Global Economy
- Alter-globalizations
- Local Resistance
- A Social Movement?
- More Formal Social Movements
- Transnational Social Movements
- Labor movements10
- Social movements and the boomerang pattern
- World Social Forum
- Cyberactivism
- The French Alternative
- Is the Resistance to Globalization Significant?
- The Futures of Globalization
- A “MAD MAX” SCENARIO
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- Additional Readings
- Notes
- Appendix: Disciplinary Approaches to Globalization
- Anthropology
- Sociology
- Political Science
- Economics
- Geography
- Psychology
- Literary Criticism (Postcolonial)
- Other Fields
- Additional Readings
- Notes
- Glossary
- References
- Index
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