Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Features
• Preface
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements
  • 1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 1.1
  • 1.2 States of Matter
  • 1.3 Classification of Matter
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Aspirin—A Case Study
  • 1.4 Chemical Elements and Symbols
  • 1.5 Chemical Reactions: Examples of Chemical Change
  • 1.6 Physical Quantities: Units and Scientific Notation
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning
  • 1.7 Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 1.2
  • 1.8 Measurement and Significant Figures
  • 1.9 Rounding Off Numbers
  • 1.10 Problem Solving: Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers
  • 1.11 Temperature, Heat, and Energy
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Temperature-Sensitive Materials
  • 1.12 Density and Specific Gravity
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Measurement Example: Obesity and Body Fat
• Chapter 2: Atoms and the Periodic Table
  • 2.1 Atomic Theory and the Structure of Atoms
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Are Atoms Real
  • 2.2 Elements and Atomic Number
  • 2.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 2.1
  • 2.4 The Periodic Table
  • 2.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Essential Elements and Group Chemistry
  • 2.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 2.2
  • 2.7 Electron Configurations
  • 2.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  • 2.9 Electron-Dot Symbols
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atoms and Light
• Chapter 3: Ionic Compounds
  • 3.1 Ions
  • 3.2 Ions and the Octet Rule
  • 3.3 Ions of Some Common Elements
  • 3.4 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation
  • 3.5 Naming Monoatomic Ions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Salt
  • 3.6 Polyatomic Ions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Biologically Important Ions
  • 3.7 Ionic Bonds
  • 3.8 Formulas of Ionic Compounds
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 3.1
  • 3.9 Naming Ionic Compounds
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 3.2
  • 3.10 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Ionic Liquids
  • 3.11 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Osteoporosis
• Chapter 4: Molecular Compounds
  • 4.1 Covalent Bonds
  • 4.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table
  • 4.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds
  • 4.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
  • 4.5 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds
  • 4.6 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures
  • 4.7 Drawing Lewis Structures
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO and NO: Pollutants or Miracle Molecules?
  • 4.8 The Shapes of Molecules
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: VERY Big Molecules
  • 4.9 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
  • 4.10 Polar Molecules
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 4.1
  • 4.11 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Damascenone by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet
• Chapter 5: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions
  • 5.1 Chemical Equations
  • 5.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 5.1
  • 5.3 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Kidney Stones: A Problem in Solubility
  • 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 5.2
  • 5.5 Redox Reactions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Batteries
  • 5.6 Recognizing Redox Reactions
  • 5.7 Net Ionic Equations
• Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships
  • 6.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
  • 6.2 Gram–Mole Conversions
  • 6.3 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations
  • 6.4 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations
  • 6.5 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 6.1
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Anemia—A Limiting Reagent Problem?
• Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium
  • 7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds
  • 7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions
  • 7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Energy from Food
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 7.1
  • 7.4 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy
  • 7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates
  • 7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates
  • 7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
  • 7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants
  • 7.9 Le Châtelier’s Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Regulation of Body Temperature
• Chapter 8: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
  • 8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes
  • 8.2 Intermolecular Forces
  • 8.3 Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory
  • 8.4 Pressure
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
  • 8.5 Boyle’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Blood Pressure
  • 8.6 Charles’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 8.1
  • 8.7 Gay-Lussac’s Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature
  • 8.8 The Combined Gas Law
  • 8.9 Avogadro’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount
  • 8.10 The Ideal Gas Law
  • 8.11 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law
  • 8.12 Liquids
  • 8.13 Solids
  • 8.14 Changes of State Calculations
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent
• Chapter 9: Solutions
  • 9.1 Mixtures and Solutions
  • 9.2 The Solution Process
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Solid Hydrates—Salt + Water
  • 9.3 Solubility
  • 9.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
  • 9.5 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry’s Law
  • 9.6 Units of Concentration
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Breathing and Oxygen Transport
  • 9.7 Dilution
  • 9.8 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks
  • 9.9 Properties of Solutions
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 9.1
  • 9.10 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 9.2
  • 9.11 Dialysis
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Timed-Release Drug Delivery Systems
• Chapter 10: Acids and Bases
  • 10.1 Acids and Bases: Definitions
  • 10.2 Acid and Base Strength
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: GERD—Too Much Acid or Not Enough?
  • 10.3 Acid Dissociation Constants
  • 10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a ase
  • 10.5 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: The pH Scale
  • 10.6 Working with pH
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Acid Rain
  • 10.7 Acid and Base Equivalents
  • 10.8 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 10.1
  • 10.9 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
  • 10.10 Buffer Solutions
  • 10.11 Titration
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Buffers in the Body: Acidosis and Alkalosis
• Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry
  • 11.1 Nuclear Reactions
  • 11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity
  • 11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes
  • 11.4 Nuclear Decay
  • 11.5 Radioactive Half-Life
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medical Uses of Radioactivity
  • 11.6 Ionizing Radiation
  • 11.7 Detecting and Measuring Radiation
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Irradiated Food
  • 11.8 Artificial Transmutation
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Body Imaging
  • 11.9 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 11.1
• Chapter 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
  • 12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules
  • 12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 12.1
  • 12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers
  • 12.4 Drawing Organic Structures
  • 12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules
  • 12.6 Naming Alkanes
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Important Can a Methyl Group Really Be
  • 12.7 Properties of Alkanes
  • 12.8 Reactions of Alkanes
  • MASTERING REACTIONS: Organic Chemistry and the Curved Arrow Formalism
  • 12.9 Cycloalkanes
  • 12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Surprising Uses of Petroleum
• Chapter 13: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
  • 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes
  • 13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
  • 13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis–Trans Isomerism
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 13.1
  • 13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
  • 13.5 Types of Organic Reactions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Chemistry of Vision and Color
  • 13.6 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
  • MASTERING REACTIONS: How Addition Reactions Occur
  • 13.7 Alkene Polymers
  • 13.8 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene
  • 13.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds
  • 13.10 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enediyne Antibiotics: A Newly Emerging Class of Antitumor Agents
• Chapter 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen
  • 14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • 14.2 Naming Alcohols
  • 14.3 Properties of Alcohols
  • 14.4 Reactions of Alcohols
  • MASTERING REACTIONS: How Eliminations Occur
  • 14.5 Phenols
  • 14.6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
  • 14.7 Ethers
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Inhaled Anesthetics
  • 14.8 Thiols and Disulfides
  • 14.9 Halogen-Containing Compounds
  • 14.10 Stereochemistry and Chirality
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 14.1
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Ethanol as a Toxin
• Chapter 15: Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 15.1 The Carbonyl Group
  • 15.2 Naming Simple Aldehydes and Ketones
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemical Warfare among the Insects
  • 15.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 15.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 15.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes
  • 15.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 15.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 15.1
  • MASTERING REACTIONS: Carbonyl Additions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: When Is Toxicity Beneficial?
• Chapter 16: Amines
  • 16.1 Classifying Amines
  • 16.2 Naming and Drawing Amines
  • 16.3 Properties of Amines
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 16.1
  • 16.4 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
  • 16.5 Basicity of Amines
  • 16.6 Amine Salts
  • 16.7 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Calming a Stormy Mind: Amines as Anti-Anxiety Medications
• Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
  • 17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 17.1
  • 17.2 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medicinally Important Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • 17.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation
  • 17.4 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
  • 17.5 Polyamides and Polyesters
  • 17.6 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medications, Body Fluids, and the “Solubility Switch
• Chapter 18: Amino Acids and Proteins
  • 18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry
  • 18.2 Proteins and Their Functions: An Overview
  • 18.3 Amino Acids
  • 18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis
  • 18.5 Peptides
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.1
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Proteins in the Diet
  • 18.6 Protein Structure: An Overview and Primary Protein Structure (1°)
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What Is Sickle-Cell Anemia
  • 18.7 Secondary Protein Structure (2°)
  • 18.8 Tertiary Protein Structure (3°)
  • 18.9 Quaternary Protein Structure (4°)
  • 18.10 Chemical Properties of Proteins
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.2
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Imperfect Collagen—An Unfortunate Event
• Chapter 19: Enzymes and Vitamins
  • 19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 19.1
  • 19.2 Enzyme Cofactors
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 19.2
  • 19.3 Enzyme Classification
  • MASTERING REACTIONS: How to Read Biochemical Reactions
  • 19.4 How Enzymes Work
  • 19.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
  • 19.6 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition
  • 19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition
  • 19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs
  • 19.9 Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Minerals
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis
• Chapter 20: Carbohydrates
  • 20.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates
  • 20.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates and Fischer Projections
  • 20.3 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 20.1
  • 20.4 Some Important Monosaccharides
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type
  • 20.5 Reactions of Monosaccharides
  • 20.6 Common Disaccharides
  • 20.7 Some Important Polysaccharides Based on Glucose
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Bacterial Cell Walls: Rigid Defense Systems
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 20.2
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Carbohydrates and Fiber in the Diet
• Chapter 21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy
  • 21.1 Energy, Life, and Biochemical Reactions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Plants and Photosynthesis
  • 21.2 Cells and Their Structure
  • 21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
  • 21.4 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Harmful Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Vitamins
  • 21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Basal Metabolism
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 21.1
  • 21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes
  • 21.7 The Citric Acid Cycle
  • 21.8 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Metabolic Poisons
• Chapter 22: Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 22.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates
  • 22.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview
  • 22.3 Glycolysis
  • 22.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Tooth Decay
  • 22.5 The Fate of Pyruvate
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 22.1
  • 22.6 Energy Output in Complete Glucose Catabolism
  • 22.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Metabolism during Stress
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 22.2
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Biochemistry of Running
  • 22.8 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
  • 22.9 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis from Noncarbohydrates
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes
• Chapter 23: Lipids
  • 23.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids
  • 23.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters
  • 23.3 Properties of Fats and Oils
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Lipids in the Diet
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 23.1
  • 23.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
  • 23.5 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
  • 23.6 Sterols
  • 23.7 Cell Membranes: Structure and Transport
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 23.2
• Chapter 24: Lipid Metabolism
  • 24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
  • 24.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport
  • 24.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview
  • 24.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols
  • 24.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
  • 24.6 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Liver—Clearinghouse for Metabolism
  • 24.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fat Storage, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 24.1
• Chapter 25: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
  • 25.1 Digestion of Proteins
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 25.1
  • 25.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview
  • 25.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group
  • 25.4 The Urea Cycle
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Gout: When Biochemistry Goes Awry
  • 25.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms
  • 25.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies
• Chapter 26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
  • 26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes
  • 26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids
  • 26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains
  • 26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson–Crick Model
  • 26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity
  • 26.6 Replication of DNA
  • 26.7 Structure and Function of RNA
  • 26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
  • 26.9 The Genetic Code
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 26.1
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Influenza: Variations on a Theme
  • 26.10 Translation: tRNA and Protein Synthesis
• Chapter 27: Genomics
  • 27.1 Mapping the Human Genome
  • 27.2 DNA and Chromosomes
  • 27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 27.1
  • 27.4 Recombinant DNA
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • 27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: DNA Fingerprinting
• Chapter 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs
  • 28.1 Messenger Molecules
  • 28.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System
  • 28.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight
  • 28.4 Amino Acid Derivatives, Polypeptides, and Steroid Hormones
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Homeostasis
  • 28.5 Neurotransmitters
  • 28.6 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists
  • 28.7 Histamines, Antihistamines, and Important Neurotransmitters
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 28.1
• Chapter 29: Body Fluids
  • 29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes
  • 29.2 Fluid Balance
  • HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 29.1
  • 29.3 Blood
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Blood–Brain Barrier
  • 29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Blood Cells, and Immunity
  • 29.5 Blood Clotting
  • 29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases
  • 29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation
  • 29.8 Urine Composition and Function
  • CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What’s in Your Blood Test
• Appendices
• Answers to Selected Problems
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
  • A
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  • P
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  • X
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