Karch’s Focus on Nursing Pharmacology
Námskeið HJÚ409G Lyfjafræði LYF0108 Lyfjafræði - Höfundur: Rebecca G. Tucker
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Karch’s Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 9th Edition, makes challenging concepts approachable to help students establish a foundation for effective drug therapy throughout their nursing careers. Concise, clearly written, and streamlined for today’s busy students, this trusted text builds on students’ knowledge of physiology, chemistry, and nursing fundamentals to help them conceptualize need-to-know information.
Annað
- Höfundur: Rebecca G. Tucker
- Útgáfa:9
- Útgáfudagur: 2022-07-05
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781975180423
- Print ISBN: 9781975180409
- ISBN 10: 1975180429
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Reviewers
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Part 1: Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology
- 1 Introduction to Drugs
- Sources of Drugs
- Natural Sources
- Synthetic Sources
- Drug Evaluation
- Preclinical Trials
- Phase I Studies
- Phase II Studies
- Phase III Studies
- Food and Drug Administration Approval
- Phase IV Studies
- FDA Labels and “Off-Label” Uses
- Legal Regulation of Drugs
- Safety During Pregnancy
- Controlled Substances
- Generic Drugs
- Orphan Drugs
- Over-the-Counter Drugs
- Behind-the-Counter Drugs
- Sources of Drug Information
- Drug Labels
- Package Inserts
- Reference Books
- Journals
- Internet Information
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Sources of Drugs
- 2 Drugs and the Body
- Pharmacodynamics
- Receptor Sites
- Drug–Enzyme Interactions
- Selective Toxicity
- Pharmacokinetics
- Critical Concentration and Therapeutic Index
- Loading Dose
- Dynamic Equilibrium
- Factors Influencing Drug Effects
- Weight
- Age
- Sex
- Physiological Factors
- Pathological Factors
- Genetic Factors
- Immunological Factors
- Psychological Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Tolerance
- Accumulation
- Interactions
- Optimal Therapeutic Effect
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Pharmacodynamics
- 3 Toxic Effects of Drugs
- Adverse Effects
- Primary Actions
- Secondary Actions
- Drug Allergy or Hypersensitivity
- Drug-Induced Tissue and Organ Damage
- Dermatological Reactions
- Gastrointestinal Irritation
- Superinfections
- Blood Dyscrasia
- Toxicity
- Hepatotoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Poisoning
- Alterations in Glucose Metabolism
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hypokalemia
- Hyperkalemia
- Sensory Effects
- Ocular Damage
- Auditory Damage
- Neurological Effects
- General Central Nervous System Effects
- Anticholinergic Effects
- Extrapyramidal Symptoms
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Teratogenicity
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Adverse Effects
- 4 The Nursing Process in Drug Therapy and Patient Safety
- Nursing: Art and Science
- The Nursing Process
- Assessment
- Nursing Conclusion
- Medication Errors
- Nurse’s Role
- The Patient’s Role
- Reporting of Medication Errors
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 5 Dosage Calculations
- Measuring Systems
- Metric System
- Apothecary System
- Household System
- Avoirdupois System
- Other Systems
- Conversion Between Systems
- Calculating Dose
- Oral Drugs
- Injectable Dosage
- Intravenous Solutions
- Body Weight versus Body Surface Area
- Pediatric Considerations
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- Complete the Following Problems
- Measuring Systems
- 6 Challenges to Effective Drug Therapy
- Consumer Awareness
- Media Influence
- The Internet
- Over-the-Counter Drugs
- Alternative Therapies and Herbal Medicine
- Costs of Health Care and the Importance of Patient Teaching
- Health Maintenance Organizations and Regulations
- Home Care
- Cost Considerations
- Emergency Preparedness for Bioterrorism and Pandemics
- Drug Misuse and the Opioid Crisis
- Protecting the Environment
- COVID-19 and the Health Care System
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Consumer Awareness
- 1 Introduction to Drugs
- 7 Introduction to Cell Physiology
- The Cell
- Cell Nucleus
- Cell Membrane
- Cell Properties
- Homeostasis
- Passive Transport
- Active Transport
- Cell Cycle
- G0 Phase
- G1 Phase
- S Phase
- G2 Phase
- M Phase
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- The Cell
- 8 Anti-infective Agents
- Therapeutic Actions
- Anti-Infective Activity
- Human Immune Response
- Resistance
- Using Anti-Infective Agents
- Treatment of Systemic Infections
- Prophylaxis
- Adverse Reactions to Anti-Infective Therapy
- Kidney Damage
- Gastrointestinal Toxicity
- Neurotoxicity
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Superinfections
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Therapeutic Actions
- 9 Antibiotics
- Bacteria and Antibiotics
- Bacteria and Resistance to Antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Carbapenems
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Cephalosporins
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Fluoroquinolones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Sulfonamides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Tetracyclines
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Antimycobacterials
- Antituberculosis Drugs
- Leprostatic Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Antibiotics
- Lincosamides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Lipoglycopeptides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Macrolides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Oxazolidinones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drug–Food Interactions
- Monobactam Antibiotic
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 10 Antiviral Agents
- Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Agents for HIV and AIDS
- Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Significant Drug–Drug Interactions
- Protease Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Significant Drug–Drug Interactions
- Fusion Inhibitor
- CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist
- Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors
- Anti-Hepatitis B Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Anti-Hepatitis C Agents
- Therapeutic Effects and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug Interactions
- Locally Active Antiviral Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses
- 11 Antifungal Agents
- Systemic Antifungals
- Azole Antifungals
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Echinocandin Antifungals
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Antifungal Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Topical Antifungals
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 12 Antiprotozoal Agents
- Malaria
- Life Cycle of Plasmodium
- Antimalarials
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Protozoal Infections
- Amebiasis
- Leishmaniasis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Trichomoniasis
- Giardiasis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other Antiprotozoal Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Malaria
- 13 Anthelmintic Agents
- Intestine-Invading Worm Infections
- Infections by Nematodes
- Whipworm Infections
- Threadworm Infestation
- Ascaris
- Hookworm Infections
- Infections Caused by Platyhelminths
- Tissue-Invading Worm Infections
- Trichinosis
- Filariasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Anthelmintics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Intestine-Invading Worm Infections
- 14 Antineoplastic Agents
- Cancer
- Causes of Cancer
- Types of Cancer
- Antineoplastic Drugs
- Alkylating Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antimetabolites
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antineoplastic Antibiotics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Mitotic Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Hormones and Hormone Modulators
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Cancer Cell–Specific Agents
- Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Proteasome Inhibitors and Other Cancer Cell–Specific Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Cancer
- 15 Introduction to the Immune Response and Inflammation
- Body Defenses
- Barrier Defenses
- Cellular Defenses
- The Inflammatory Response
- The Immune Response
- Interrelationship of the Immune and Inflammatory Responses
- Pathophysiology Involving the Immune System
- Neoplasms
- Viral Invasion of Cells
- Autoimmune Disease
- Transplant Rejection
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Body Defenses
- 16 Antiinflammatory, Antiarthritis, and Related Agents
- Antiinflammatory, Antiarthritis, and Related Agents
- Salicylates
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Patient Teaching for G.T.
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory and Related Agents
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Acetaminophen
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antiarthritis Agents
- Gold Compound
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antigout/Hyperuricemia Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 17 Immune Modulators
- Immune Stimulants
- Interferons
- Interleukins
- Colony-Stimulating Factors
- Immune Suppressants
- Immune Modulators
- T- and B-Cell Suppressors
- Interleukin Receptor Antagonist
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Immune Stimulants
- 18 Vaccines and Sera
- Immunity
- Immunization
- Vaccines
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Immune Sera
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 19 Introduction to Nerves and the Nervous System
- Physiology of the Nervous System
- Neurons
- Action Potential
- Nerve Synapse
- Neurotransmitters
- Central Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Brain
- Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- Functions of the Central Nervous System
- Clinical Significance of Drugs That Act on the Nervous System
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Physiology of the Nervous System
- 20 Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Agents
- States Affected by Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
- Anxiety
- Sedation
- Hypnosis
- Alcohol and Alcohol Withdrawal
- Benzodiazepines Used as Anxiolytic–Hypnotics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Barbiturates Used as Anxiolytic–Hypnotics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- States Affected by Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
- 21 Antidepressant Agents
- Depression and Antidepressants
- Theories Connecting Neurophysiology With Depression
- Drug Therapy
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Antidepressants
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Depression and Antidepressants
- 22 Psychotherapeutic Agents
- Mental Disorders and Their Classifications
- Antipsychotic/Neuroleptic Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs for Bipolar Disorders
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Narcolepsy
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 23 Antiseizure Agents
- Nature of Seizures
- Classification of Seizures
- Generalized Seizures
- Focal Seizures
- Drugs for Treating Generalized Seizures
- Hydantoins
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Barbiturates and Barbituratelike Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Benzodiazepines
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Succinimides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs That Modulate the Inhibitory Neurotransmitter GABA
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Medications That Are Used to Treat Generalized Seizures
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs for Treating Focal Seizures
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Nature of Seizures
- 24 Antiparkinsonism Agents
- Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- Dopaminergic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Anticholinergic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Adjunctive Agents
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
- 25 Muscle Relaxants
- Nerves and Movement
- Spinal Reflexes
- Brain Control
- Neuromuscular Abnormalities
- Muscle Spasm
- Muscle Spasticity
- Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Direct-Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Nerves and Movement
- 26 Opioid Agonists, Opioid Antagonists, and Antimigraine Agents
- Pain
- Pain Impulse Transmission and Perception
- Pain Receptors
- Pain Perception
- Pain Management
- Opioids
- Opioid Agonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Opioid Agonists–Antagonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Opioid Antagonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Migraine Headaches
- Antimigraine Agents
- Ergot Derivatives
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Triptans
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide (CGRP) Inhibitors and Serotonin Agonist
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Pain
- 27 General and Local Anesthetic Agents
- General Anesthesia
- Risk Factors Associated With General Anesthesia
- Balanced Anesthesia
- Administration of General Anesthesia
- General Anesthetic Agents
- Barbiturate Anesthetics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nonbarbiturate Anesthetics
- Therapeutic Action and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Anesthetic Gases
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Volatile Liquids
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Local Anesthesia
- Topical Administration
- Infiltration
- Field Block
- Nerve Block
- Intravenous Regional Local Anesthesia
- Local Anesthetic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- General Anesthesia
- 28 Neuromuscular Junction Blocking Agents
- The Neuromuscular Junction
- Neuromuscular Junction Blocking Agents
- Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Junction Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Herb Interactions
- Depolarizing Neuromuscular Junction Blocker
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 29 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
- Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Nerve Impulse Transmission
- Functions
- Divisions
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Structure and Function
- Adrenergic Response
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Structure and Function
- Cholinergic Response
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
- 30 Adrenergic Agonists
- Alpha- and Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Alpha-Selective Adrenergic Agonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Beta-Selective Adrenergic Agonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Alpha- and Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
- 31 Adrenergic Antagonists
- Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nonselective Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Alpha1-Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Beta1-Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
- 32 Cholinergic Agonists
- Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists (Muscarinic)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists (Nicotinic) and Medications for Nicotine Withdrawal/Abstinence
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists (Muscarinic)
- 33 Anticholinergic Agents
- Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
- 34 Introduction to the Endocrine System
- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System
- Glands
- Hormones
- The Hypothalamus
- The Pituitary Gland
- The Anterior Pituitary
- The Posterior Pituitary
- The Intermediate Lobe
- Endocrine Regulation
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
- Other Forms of Regulation
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System
- 35 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Agents
- Drugs Affecting Hypothalamic Hormones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Drugs Affecting Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone Agonists
- Growth Hormone Antagonists
- Drugs Affecting Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Drugs Affecting Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Drugs Affecting Hypothalamic Hormones
- 36 Adrenocortical Agents
- The Adrenal Glands
- Controls
- Adrenal Excess
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Adrenal Crisis
- Adrenocortical Agents
- Glucocorticoids
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Mineralocorticoids
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- The Adrenal Glands
- 37 Thyroid and Parathyroid Agents
- The Thyroid Gland
- Structure and Function
- Control
- Thyroid Dysfunction
- Thyroid Agents
- Thyroid Hormones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antithyroid Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- The Parathyroid Glands
- Structure and Function
- Control
- Parathyroid Dysfunction and Related Disorders
- Parathyroid Agents
- Antihypocalcemic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antihypercalcemic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- The Thyroid Gland
- 38 Agents to Control Blood Glucose Levels
- Glucose Regulation
- The Pancreas
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Other Factors Affecting Glucose Regulation
- Loss of Blood Glucose Control
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Insulin
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Oral Antidiabetics
- Sulfonylureas
- First- and Second-Generation Sulfonylureas
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Biguanide
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Meglitinides
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT-2 Inhibitors)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Thiazolidinediones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Noninsulin Injectable Antidiabetics
- Human Amylin
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Glucagonlike Polypeptide Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Glucose-Elevating Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Glucose Regulation
- 39 Introduction to the Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Structures
- Hormones
- The Menstrual Cycle
- Pregnancy
- Menopause
- Male Reproductive System
- Structures
- Hormones
- Andropause
- The Human Sexual Response
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Female Reproductive System
- 40 Drugs Affecting the Female Reproductive System
- Sex Hormones and Estrogen Receptor Modulators
- Sex Hormones
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Estrogen Receptor Modulators
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Fertility Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Uterine Motility Drugs
- Oxytocics and Abortifacients
- Tocolytics
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 41 Drugs Affecting the Male Reproductive System
- Androgens
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Significant Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs for Treating Penile Erectile Dysfunction
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Androgens
- 42 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
- Structure and Function of the Heart
- Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac Conduction
- Electrocardiography
- Arrhythmias
- Circulation
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Systemic Circulation
- Coronary Circulation
- Systemic Arterial Pressure
- Venous Pressure
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Structure and Function of the Heart
- 43 Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure
- Review of Blood Pressure Control
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Baroreceptors and Other Reflexes
- Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
- Hypertension
- Hypotension
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Stepped Care Approach to Treating Hypertension
- Drugs Affecting the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
- Renin Inhibitor
- Calcium-Channel Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Vasodilators
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Antihypertensive Agents
- Diuretic Agents
- Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers
- Antihypotensive Agents
- Sympathetic Adrenergic Agonists or Vasopressors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Blood Pressure–Raising Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Droxidopa
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Review of Blood Pressure Control
- 44 Agents for Treating Heart Failure
- Heart Failure
- Compensatory Mechanisms
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatments
- Cardiotonic Agents
- Cardiac Glycosides
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channel Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Heart Failure
- 45 Antiarrhythmic Agents
- Arrhythmias
- Conductivity
- Automaticity
- Hemodynamics
- Types of Arrhythmias
- Antiarrhythmic Agents
- Class I Antiarrhythmics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Class II Antiarrhythmics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Class III Antiarrhythmics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Class IV Antiarrhythmics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Arrhythmias
- 46 Antianginal Agents
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Angina
- Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Antianginal Agents
- Nitrates
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Piperazine Acetamide Agent
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Coronary Artery Disease
- 47 Lipid-Lowering Agents
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
- Risk Factors
- Treatment
- Fats and Biotransformation (Metabolism)
- Lipoproteins
- Cholesterol
- Hyperlipidemia
- Lipid-Lowering Agents
- Bile Acid Sequestrants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- HMG–CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Lipid-Lowering Agents
- Fibrates
- Vitamin B3
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Other Therapies
- Combination Therapy
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
- 48 Drugs Affecting Blood Coagulation
- Hemostasis
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet Aggregation
- Coagulation
- Clot Resolution and Anticlotting Process
- Disorders Affecting Blood Coagulation
- Thromboembolic Disorders
- Hemorrhagic Disorders
- Drugs Affecting Clot Formation and Resolution
- Antiplatelet Agents
- Anticoagulants
- Thrombolytic Agents
- Other Drugs Affecting Clot Formation
- Anticoagulant Adjunctive Therapy
- Hemorrheologic Agent
- Drugs Used to Control Bleeding
- Antihemophilic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Hemostatic Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Hemostasis
- 49 Drugs Used to Treat Anemias
- Anemia
- Etiology of Anemia
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Agents Used for Iron Deficiency Agents Used for Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Clinically Important Drug–Food Interactions
- Agents Used for Other Anemias
- Agents for Megaloblastic Anemias
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Agents for Hemolytic and Aplastic Anemias
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Anemia
- 50 Introduction to the Renal System
- The Kidneys
- Structure
- Nephron Function
- Maintenance of Volume and Composition of Body Fluids
- Blood Pressure Control
- Regulation of Red Blood Cell Production
- The Urinary Tract
- Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- The Kidneys
- 51 Diuretic Agents
- Diuretics
- Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Loop Diuretics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Osmotic Diuretics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 52 Drugs Affecting the Urinary Tract and the Bladder
- Urinary Tract Antiinfectives
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Patient Teaching for J.K.: Urinary Tract Antiinfective Methenamine
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Urinary Tract Antispasmodics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Other Drugs Affecting the Urinary Tract and Bladder
- Urinary Tract Analgesics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Bladder Protectant
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Drugs for Treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Urinary Tract Antiinfectives
- 53 Introduction to the Respiratory System
- Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
- The Conducting Airways
- The Respiratory Airways
- Gas Exchange
- Ventilation
- Respiratory Pathophysiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections
- Ventilation and Gas Exchange Disorders
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
- 54 Drugs Acting on the Upper Respiratory Tract
- Antitussives
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Decongestants
- Topical Nasal Decongestants
- Oral Decongestants
- Steroid Nasal Decongestants
- Antihistamines
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Expectorants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Mucolytics
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Antitussives
- 55 Drugs Acting on the Lower Respiratory Tract
- Bronchodilators
- Xanthines
- Sympathomimetics
- Anticholinergics
- Drugs Affecting Inflammation
- Inhaled Steroids
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
- Immune Modulators
- Mast Cell Stabilizer
- Lung Surfactants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Other Drugs Used to Treat Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Bronchodilators
- 56 Introduction to the Gastrointestinal System
- Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
- Structures
- Layers of the GI Tract
- Gastrointestinal Activities
- Gastrointestinal Reflexes
- Local Reflexes
- Central Reflexes
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
- 57 Drugs Affecting Gastrointestinal Secretions
- Drugs Used to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Ulcer Disease
- Histamine-2 Antagonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antacids
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Gastrointestinal Protectant
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Prostaglandins
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Digestive Enzymes
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 58 Drugs Affecting Gastrointestinal Motility
- Laxatives
- Chemical Stimulants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Bulk-Forming Laxatives
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Osmotic Laxatives
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Lubricants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Opioid Antagonists
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Gastrointestinal Stimulants
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Antidiarrheals
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Constipation Drugs
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 59 Antiemetic Agents
- Antiemetic Agents
- Phenothiazines
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Nonphenothiazine
- 5-HT3 Receptor Blockers
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Miscellaneous Agents
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- 60 Vitamins, Minerals, and Complementary/Alternative Medications
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Therapeutic Actions and Indications
- Contraindications and Cautions
- Adverse Effects
- Clinically Important Drug–Drug Interactions
- Alternative and Complementary Therapies
- Summary
- Check Your Understanding
- References
- Vitamins and Minerals
- A Fluids, Electrolytes, and Other Parenteral Agents
- B Topical Agents
- C Ophthalmic Agents
- D Ear Medications
- E Blood and Blood Products
- F Diagnostic Agents
- G Tables of Normal Values
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 5971
- Útgáfuár : 2016
- Leyfi : 379
