Evolution
Höfundar: Douglas J. Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
4.890 kr.
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The gold standard in undergraduate-level evolutionary biology textbooks. This new fifth edition presents the field of evolution as a living, breathing science. Extensively revised for clarity and currency, Evolution , 5th Edition, includes updated coverage in evolutionary genetics and genomics to illustrate the rapidly moving science of evolution and emphasizes the interplay between theory and empirical test hypotheses, acquainting students with the process of science.
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- Höfundar: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
- Útgáfa:5
- Útgáfudagur: 2023-05-15
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780197674031
- Print ISBN: 9780197619629
- ISBN 10: 0197674038
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover Page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Organization
- New to this Edition
- Acknowledgements
- Digital Resources: Evolution, International Fifth Edition
- For the Instructor
- Enhanced E-Book for the Student
- Unit I An Idea that Changed the World
- 1 Evolutionary Biology
- 1.1 The Evolution of SARS-CoV-2
- 1.2 “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”
- 1.3 What Is Evolution? Is It Fact or Theory?
- 1.4 The Evolution of Evolutionary Biology
- Before Darwin
- Charles Darwin
- 1.5 Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory
- 1.6 Evolutionary Biology after Darwin
- The evolutionary synthesis
- Evolutionary biology since the synthesis
- 1.7 How Evolution is Studied
- 1.8 Philosophical Issues
- Ethics, religion, and evolution
- How to Learn Evolutionary Biology (Read This!)
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 2 The Tree of Life
- 2.1 The Tree of Life, from Darwin to Today
- 2.2 Phylogenetic Trees
- Inferring phylogenies: An introduction
- 2.3 Variations on the Phylogenetic Theme
- Branches of a phylogenetic tree sometimes rejoin
- Not only organisms have “phylogenies”
- 2.4 How Phylogenies are Useful
- Classification
- Inferring the history of character evolution
- Estimating time of divergence
- Patterns of evolution
- Most Features of Organisms have been Modified from Preexisting Features.
- Rates of Character Evolution Differ.
- Evolution is Often Gradual.
- Homoplasy is Common
- Phylogenies describe patterns of diversification
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 3 Natural Selection and Adaptation
- 3.1 Adaptive Evolution Observed
- 3.2 Natural Selection
- The meaning of natural selection
- Natural selection and chance
- The effective environment depends on the organism
- 3.3 Levels of Selection
- Selfish genes and unselfish behaviors
- Selection of organisms and groups
- Species selection
- 3.4 The Nature of Adaptations
- Selection of and selection for
- Recognizing adaptations
- Complexity
- Design
- Experiments
- The Comparative Method
- 3.5 Imperfections and Constraints
- 3.6 Natural Selection and the Evolution of Diversity
- 3.7 What Not to Expect of Natural Selection
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 1 Evolutionary Biology
- 4 Mutation and Variation
- 4.1 The Machinery of Inheritance
- 4.2 The Inheritance of Variation
- Gene mixing by segregation
- Gene mixing by recombination
- Gene mixing with asexual inheritance
- Gene mixing by hybridization
- 4.3 Mutation: The Ultimate Source of Variation
- Point mutations
- Structural mutations
- Whole genome duplication
- 4.4 Rates and Effects of Mutations
- Mutation rates
- Effects of mutations
- Germ line mutations and somatic mutations
- 4.5 Is Mutation Random?
- 4.6 Nongenetic Inheritance
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 5 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
- 5.1 We Can Watch Natural Selection and Evolution Happening in Real Time
- 5.2 Evolution by Natural Selection and Inheritance
- Fitness: The unit we use to measure selection
- 5.3 Positive Selection and the Spread of Beneficial Mutations
- The rate of evolution
- Chance and adaptation: The probability that a beneficial mutation spreads
- 5.4 Natural Selection has Side Effects
- Hitchhiking: When one allele goes for a ride with another
- 5.5 Balancing Selection Preserves Genetic Variation
- Overdominance
- Other kinds of balancing selection
- 5.6 Selection That Favors the Spread of Common Alleles
- Underdominance: When heterozygotes suffer
- Positive frequency-dependent selection
- 5.7 The Evolution of a Population’s Mean Fitness
- The fundamental theorem of natural selection and the adaptive landscape
- 5.8 Many Mutations Are Harmful
- A mutation-selection balance
- The mutation load
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 6 Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random
- 6.1 What Is Random Genetic Drift?
- 6.2 How Strong Is Genetic Drift?
- Populations that change in size
- 6.3 The Genealogy of Genes
- 6.4 Genetic Drift and Genetic Variation within Species
- Estimating population size
- 6.5 Genetic Drift and Natural Selection
- Crossing an adaptive valley by drift
- The fate of beneficial mutations in large populations
- 6.6 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
- 6.7 Searching the Genes for Signatures of Adaptation
- Synonymous versus nonsynonymous differences
- The MK test
- Divergence among populations
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 7 The Evolution of Quantitative Traits
- 7.1 Genotypes and Phenotypes
- Quantitative traits evolve by changes in allele frequencies
- 7.2 Selection on Quantitative Traits
- Measuring the strength of selection
- 7.3 Evolution by Directional Selection
- Adaptation from standing genetic variation and from new mutations
- Can adaptation rescue species from extinction?
- 7.4 Connecting Variation in Genes to Variation in Phenotypes
- When genes interact: Dominance and epistasis
- 7.5 Artificial Selection
- 7.6 The Evolution of Correlated Traits
- Evolutionary constraints and trade-offs
- The causes of genetic correlations
- 7.7 Phenotypic Plasticity
- 7.8 The Genetic Basis of Quantitative Traits
- Quantitative trait loci
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 7.1 Genotypes and Phenotypes
- 8 Evolution in Space
- 8.1 Patterns in Space
- 8.2 Genes in Motion
- How is gene flow measured?
- 8.3 Gene Flow versus Selection
- A migration-selection balance
- Clines
- Tension zones
- 8.4 Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Detecting Selection
- The effects of history
- Gene flow, local adaptation, and drift
- 8.5 The Evolution of Dispersal
- 8.6 The Evolution of a Species’ Range
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 9 Species and Speciation
- 9.1 What Are Species?
- 9.2 Reproductive Isolation
- Prezygotic barriers
- Postzygotic barriers
- Dobzhansky-Muller Incompatibilities
- How fast does reproductive isolation evolve?
- 9.3 The Geography of Speciation
- Allopatric speciation
- Sympatric speciation
- Speciation with limited gene flow
- Secondary contact
- Reinforcement
- 9.4 The Origins of Reproductive Isolation
- Ecological speciation
- Mutation order speciation
- Speciation by genetic conflict
- Speciation by sexual selection
- Speciation by polyploidy
- Speciation by random genetic drift
- Speciation by hybridization
- 9.5 The Genomics of Speciation
- 9.6 Speciation and Diversification
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 10.1 The Birth and Death of Genes
- Gene families
- The death of a gene
- 10.2 Evolution of Protein-Coding Genes
- Evolution of coding regions by genetic drift
- Evolution of coding regions by positive selection
- Evolution of gene expression
- 10.3 The Evolution of Gene and Chromosome Structure
- Chromosome evolution
- Fissions, Fusions, and the Evolution of Chromosome Number
- Inversions and the Evolution of Chromosome Structure
- Chromosome evolution
- Genomes large and small
- Genetic parasites and transposable elements
- Routes to the evolution of the smallest and largest genomes
- 11.1 Comparative Development and Evolution
- 11.2 Gene Regulation
- Hox genes and the genetic tool kit
- 11.3 Developmental Bases of Phenotypic Evolution
- A study in developmental evolution: Tetrapod limbs
- A study in developmental evolution: Flower symmetry
- 11.4 How Development Affects Morphological Evolution
- Facilitation
- Developmental bias
- Constraints on adaptive evolution
- 11.5 Phenotypic Plasticity, Canalization, and Genetic Assimilation
- Does phenotypic plasticity contribute to evolution?
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 12 All About Sex
- 12.1 The Astonishing Diversity of Ways That Organisms Have Sex
- What are females and males?
- Microbial sex
- 12.2 What Is Sexual Selection?
- Why are males sexually selected?
- 12.3 Sexual Selection by Male-Male Competition
- Sexual selection in flowering plants
- 12.4 Sexual Selection by Female Choice
- 12.5 Sex Determination and Sex Ratios
- The evolution of sex ratios
- 12.6 Why Is There Sex?
- Advantages to sex in changing environments
- Selective interference favors sex and recombination
- The evolution of recombination in sexual populations
- 12.7 Selfing and Outcrossing
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 12.1 The Astonishing Diversity of Ways That Organisms Have Sex
- 13 Cooperation and Conflict
- 13.1 The Evolution of Social Interactions
- 13.2 Shared Genes and the Evolution of Altruism
- Spite
- 13.3 Cooperation among Unrelated Individuals
- Reciprocity
- 13.4 Conflict and Cooperation in Close Quarters: The Family
- Conflict between mates
- Murder in the family
- Parent-offspring conflict
- Eusocial animals: The ultimate families
- 13.5 Levels of Selection
- Selfish DNA
- Selfish mitochondria
- Selfish symbionts
- Group selection
- Species selection
- 13.6 Cooperation and Major Evolutionary Transitions
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 14 Evolutionary Ecology: How to Be Fit
- 14.1 Life History Traits as Components of Fitness
- Fitness in populations with overlapping generations
- 14.2 The Evolution of Life History Characteristics
- Senescence
- Number of offspring
- Age at maturity
- 14.3 Density and the Evolution of the Population Growth Rate
- Life histories, fast and slow
- Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction
- Life histories and mating strategies
- 14.4 Phenology
- 14.5 Ecological Niches: Specialists and Generalists
- How specialization evolves
- Experiments on niche evolution
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 14.1 Life History Traits as Components of Fitness
- 15 Evolutionary Ecology: Interactions among Species
- 15.1 Coevolution and Interactions among Species
- 15.2 The Evolution of Enemies and Victims
- Aposematism and mimicry
- Plants and herbivores
- Parasite-host interactions and infectious disease
- The evolution of virulence
- 15.3 Mutualisms
- 15.4 The Evolution of Competitive Interactions
- 15.5 Evolution and Community Structure
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 16 Phylogeny: The Unity and Diversity of Life
- 16.1 Estimating Phylogenies
- Why estimating phylogenies can be hard
- Homoplasy
- Rapid Diversification
- Introgression
- Why estimating phylogenies can be hard
- 16.1 Estimating Phylogenies
- 16.2 Methods for Estimating Phylogenies
- 16.3 How Do We Use Phylogenies?
- Dating evolutionary events
- Discovering the history of genes and cultures
- Reconstructing ancestors
- 16.4 Studying Adaptations: The Comparative Method
- 16.5 Classification
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 17.1 Some Geological Fundamentals
- The fossil record
- 17.2 The Origin of Life
- 17.3 Precambrian Life
- 17.4 The Origins of Animal Diversity
- 17.5 Paleozoic Life
- The colonization of land
- Paleozoic life on land
- The end-Permian mass extinction
- 17.6 Mesozoic Life
- 17.7 The Cenozoic Era
- The modern world takes shape
- The adaptive radiation of mammals
- Pleistocene events
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 18.1 Biogeography
- 18.2 Historical Explanations of Geographic Distributions
- Extinction
- Dispersal
- Vicariance
- 18.3 Ecological Limits on Geographic Range
- Dispersal
- Ecological niches
- Interacting species
- 18.4 Studying Changes in Biological Diversity
- A model of changes in diversity
- Studying diversity in the fossil record
- 18.5 Diversity through the Phanerozoic
- Rates of extinction and origination
- The Red Queen Hypothesis
- Mass extinctions
- Rates of extinction and origination
- 18.6 Phylogenetic Studies of Diversity
- The shapes of phylogenies
- 18.7 Has Species Diversity Reached a Limit?
- 18.8 Geographic Variation in Species Diversity
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 19.1 The Origin of Major Forms of Life
- The origin of mammals
- 19.2 Gradualism and Saltation
- Complex characteristics
- 19.3 The Evolution of Novelty
- Incipient and novel features: Permissive conditions and natural selection
- Homology and the emergence of novel characters
- 19.4 From Microevolution to Macroevolution
- Rates of evolution
- Speciation and character evolution
- 19.5 Is Evolution Predictable?
- 19.6 Trends and Progress
- Trends: Kinds and causes
- Are there major trends in the history of life?
- Efficiency and Adaptedness
- Complexity
- The question of progress
- What We Don’t Know
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 20 The Evolutionary Story of Homo sapiens
- 20.1 Where Did We Come From?
- Our closest living relatives
- How we differ from other apes
- 20.2 Our Ancestry: Hominins through Time
- 20.3 The Appearance of Modern Homo sapiens
- The human history of hybridization
- The diversity of human populations
- 20.4 Brain and Language
- 20.5 Diet and Agriculture: A Revolution in Our World
- 20.6 Natural Selection, Past and Present
- Our genetic loads
- Natural selection and evolution in our lifetimes
- Evolutionary mismatches
- 20.7 The Evolution of Culture
- Summary
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- 20.1 Where Did We Come From?
- 21 Evolution and Society
- 21.1 Science and Skeptics
- How science works
- Creationism
- The evidence for evolution
- The Fossil Record
- Phylogenetic and Comparative Studies
- Genes and Genomes
- Biogeography
- Failures of the “Argument from Design”
- Evolution and its Mechanisms, Observed
- 21.1 Science and Skeptics
- 21.2 The Uses and Implications of Evolutionary Science
- Practical applications of evolutionary science
- Using Organisms’ Adaptations
- Agriculture and natural resources
- Conservation
- Health and medicine
- Evolutionary Legacies
- Mismatch with Modern Environments
- Genetic Disease
- Cancer
- Infectious Diseases
- Individual Health and Public Health
- Practical applications of evolutionary science
- Variation in cognitive and behavioral traits
- Variation in Cognitive Abilities
- Variation in Sexual Orientation
- Human behavior: Evolution and culture
- Understanding nature and humanity
- 22 A Statistics Primer
- 22.1 Probability Distributions
- 22.2 Descriptive Statistics
- 22.3 Estimation and Testing Hypotheses
- 22.4 Likelihood
- Summary
- Problems and Discussion Topics
- List of Key Terms
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Copyright page
- 1 Evolutionary Biology
- 2 The Tree of Life
- 3 Natural Selection and Adaptation
- 4 Mutation and Variation
- 5 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
- 6 Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random
- 7 The Evolution of Quantitative Traits
- 8 Evolution in Space
- 9 Species and Speciation
- 10 The Evolution of Genes and Genomes
- 11 Evolution and Development
- 12 All About Sex
- 13 Cooperation and Conflict
- 14 Evolutionary Ecology: How to Be Fit
- 15 Evolutionary Ecology: Interactions among Species
- 16 Phylogeny: The Unity and Diversity of Life
- 17 The History of Life
- 18 The Evolution of Biological Diversity
- 19 Macroevolution: Evolution above the Species Level
- 20 The Evolutionary Story of Homo sapiens
- 21 Evolution and Society
- 22 A Statistics Primer
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