Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
Höfundar: Elaine N Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller
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For one-semester Anatomy & Physiologycourses. The right balance of anatomy, physiology, andclinical coverage Essentialsof Human Anatomy & Physiology helps students focus on the essentials ofA&P, without getting sidetracked in unnecessary details. The brief andaccessible text combines short, easy-to-read chapters with easy-to-followfigures to provide a near-perfect level and depth of content that students needto succeed in the one-semester A&P course.
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- Höfundar: Elaine N Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller
- Útgáfa:13
- Útgáfudagur: 2021-04-07
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781292401805
- Print ISBN: 9781292401942
- ISBN 10: 129240180X
Efnisyfirlit
- Brief Contents
- Title Page
- Copyright
- About the Authors
- New to the Thirteenth Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
- Contents
- 1. The Human Body: An Orientation
- 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
- 1.1a Anatomy
- 1.1b Physiology
- 1.1c Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
- 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization
- 1.2a From Atoms to Organisms
- 1.2b Organ System Overview
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
- 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
- 1.3 Maintaining Life
- 1.3a Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining Boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
- 1.3b Survival Needs
- 1.3a Necessary Life Functions
- 1.4 The Language of Anatomy
- 1.4a Anatomical Position
- 1.4b Directional Terms
- 1.4c Regional Terms
- Anterior Body Landmarks
- Posterior Body Landmarks
- 1.4d Body Planes and Sections
- 1.4e Body Cavities
- Dorsal Body Cavity
- Ventral Body Cavity
- Other Body Cavities
- 1.5a Components of Homeostatic Control Systems
- 1.5b Feedback Mechanisms
- 2.1 Concepts of Matter and Energy
- 2.1a Matter
- 2.1b Energy
- Forms of Energy
- Energy Form Conversions
- 2.2a Elements and Atoms
- 2.2b Atomic Structure
- The Basic Atomic Subparticles
- Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
- 2.2c Identifying Elements
- Atomic Number
- Atomic Mass Number
- Atomic Weight and Isotopes
- 2.4a Bond Formation
- Role of Electrons
- Types of Chemical Bonds
- 2.4b Patterns of Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis Reactions
- Decomposition Reactions
- Exchange Reactions
- Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
- 2.5a Inorganic Compounds
- Water
- Salts
- Acids and Bases
- 2.5b Organic Compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Part I: Cells
- 3.1 Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
- 3.2 Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
- 3.2a The Plasma Membrane
- The Fluid Mosaic Model
- Cell Membrane Junctions
- 3.2b The Nucleus
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
- 3.2c The Cytoplasm
- Cytosol and Inclusions
- Organelles
- 3.2d Cell Extensions
- Cilia and Flagella
- Microvilli
- 3.2e Cell Diversity
- 3.2a The Plasma Membrane
- 3.3 Cell Physiology
- 3.3a Membrane Transport
- Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
- Active Processes
- 3.3b Cell Division
- Preparations: DNA Replication
- Events of Cell Division
- 3.3c Protein Synthesis
- Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
- The Role of RNA
- The Process of Protein Synthesis
- 3.3a Membrane Transport
- 3.4 Epithelial Tissue
- 3.4a Hallmarks of Epithelium
- 3.4b Classification of Epithelia
- Simple Epithelia
- Stratified Epithelia
- Glandular Epithelium
- 3.5a Hallmarks of Connective Tissue
- 3.5b Extracellular Matrix
- 3.5c Types of Connective Tissue
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Blood
- 3.6a Skeletal Muscle
- 3.6b Cardiac Muscle
- 3.6c Smooth Muscle
- 4.1 Classification of Body Membranes
- 4.1a Epithelial Membranes
- Cutaneous Membrane
- Mucous Membranes
- Serous Membranes
- 4.1b Connective Tissue Membranes
- 4.1a Epithelial Membranes
- 4.2 The Integumentary System (Skin)
- 4.2a Functions of the Integumentary System
- 4.2b Structure of the Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- 4.2c Skin Color
- 4.2d Appendages of the Skin
- Cutaneous Glands
- Hair and Hair Follicles
- Nails
- 4.2e Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
- Infections and Allergies
- Burns
- Skin Cancer
- 5.1 Bones: An Overview
- 5.1a Functions of the Bones
- 5.1b Classification of Bones
- 5.1c Structure of Bone
- Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Microscopic Anatomy
- 5.1d Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
- Bone Formation and Growth
- Bone Remodeling
- 5.1e Bone Fractures
- 5.2 Axial Skeleton
- 5.2a Skull
- Cranium
- Facial Bones
- The Hyoid Bone
- 5.2b Vertebral Column (Spine)
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- 5.2c Thoracic Cage
- Sternum
- Ribs
- 5.2a Skull
- 5.3a Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
- 5.3b Bones of the Upper Limbs
- Arm
- Forearm
- Hand
- 5.3c Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
- 5.3d Bones of the Lower Limbs
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot
- 5.4a Fibrous Joints
- 5.4b Cartilaginous Joints
- 5.4c Synovial Joints
- 5.4d Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
- 5.5a Birth to Adulthood
- 5.5b Older Adults
- 6.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
- 6.1a Muscle Types
- Skeletal Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- 6.1b Muscle Functions
- Produce Movement
- Maintain Posture and Body Position
- Stabilize Joints
- Generate Heat
- Additional Functions
- 6.1a Muscle Types
- 6.3a Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
- Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
- 6.3b Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
- Graded Responses
- Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
- Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric
- Muscle Tone
- Effect of Exercise on Muscles
- 6.4a Types of Body Movements
- Special Movements
- 6.4b Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
- 6.4c Naming Skeletal Muscles
- 6.4d Arrangement of Fascicles
- 6.5a Head and Neck Muscles
- Facial Muscles
- Neck Muscles
- 6.5b Trunk Muscles
- Anterior Muscles
- Posterior Muscles
- 6.5c Muscles of the Upper Limb
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint
- 6.5d Muscles of the Lower Limb
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
- 7.1 Organization of the Nervous System
- 7.1a Structural Classification
- 7.1b Functional Classification
- 7.2 Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
- 7.2a Supporting Cells
- 7.2b Neurons
- Anatomy
- Classification
- 7.2c Physiology: Nerve Impulses
- 7.2d Physiology: Reflexes
- 7.3 Central Nervous System
- 7.3a Functional Anatomy of the Brain
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Diencephalon
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
- 7.3b Protection of the Central Nervous System
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- The Blood-Brain Barrier
- 7.3c Brain Dysfunctions
- 7.3d Spinal Cord
- Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
- White Matter of the Spinal Cord
- 7.3a Functional Anatomy of the Brain
- 7.4a Structure of a Nerve
- 7.4b Cranial Nerves
- 7.4c Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
- 7.4d Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
- Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
- Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
- Autonomic Functioning
- Part I: The Eye and Vision
- 8.1 Anatomy of the Eye
- 8.1a External and Accessory Structures
- 8.1b Internal Structures: The Eyeball
- Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
- Lens
- 8.1 Anatomy of the Eye
- 8.2 Physiology of Vision
- 8.2a Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
- 8.2b Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
- 8.2c Eye Reflexes
- 8.3 Anatomy of the Ear
- 8.3a External (Outer) Ear
- 8.3b Middle Ear
- 8.3c Internal (Inner) Ear
- 8.4 Hearing
- 8.5 Equilibrium
- 8.5a Static Equilibrium
- 8.5b Dynamic Equilibrium
- 8.5c Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
- 8.6 Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
- 8.7 Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
- 9.1 The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview
- 9.1a The Chemistry of Hormones
- 9.1b Hormone Action
- Direct Gene Activation
- Second-Messenger System
- 9.1c Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
- Hormonal Stimuli
- Humoral Stimuli
- Neural Stimuli
- 9.2a Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
- 9.2b Pineal Gland
- 9.2c Thyroid Gland
- 9.2d Parathyroid Glands
- 9.2e Thymus
- 9.2f Adrenal Glands
- Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
- Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
- 9.2g Pancreatic Islets
- 9.2h Gonads
- Hormones of the Ovaries
- Hormones of the Testes
- 10.1 Composition and Functions of Blood
- 10.1a Components
- 10.1b Physical Characteristics and Volume
- 10.1c Plasma
- 10.1d Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
- 10.1e Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
- Formation of Red Blood Cells
- Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
- 10.2a Phases of Hemostasis
- 10.2b Disorders of Hemostasis
- 10.3a Human Blood Groups
- 10.3b Blood Typing
- 11.1 The Heart
- 11.1a Anatomy of the Heart
- Size, Location, and Orientation
- Coverings and Walls of the Heart
- 11.1b Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
- 11.1c Heart Valves
- Cardiac Circulation
- 11.1d Physiology of the Heart
- Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
- Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
- Cardiac Output
- 11.1a Anatomy of the Heart
- 11.2a Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
- Tunics
- Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- 11.2b Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
- Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
- Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
- Special Circulations
- 11.2c Physiology of Circulation
- Arterial Pulse
- Blood Pressure
- Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
- Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
- Part I: The Lymphatic System
- 12.1 Lymphatic Vessels
- 12.2 Lymph Nodes
- 12.3 Other Lymphoid Organs
- Part II: Body Defenses
- 12.4 Innate Body Defenses
- 12.4a Surface Membrane Barriers: First Line of Defense
- 12.4b Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense
- Natural Killer Cells
- Inflammatory Response
- Phagocytes
- Antimicrobial Proteins
- Fever
- 12.4 Innate Body Defenses
- 12.5 Adaptive Body Defenses
- 12.5a Antigens
- 12.5b Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
- Lymphocytes
- Antigen-Presenting Cells
- 12.5c Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
- Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
- Antibodies
- 12.5d Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
- 12.5e Organ Transplants and Rejection
- 12.5f Disorders of Immunity
- 13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- 13.1a The Nose
- 13.1b The Pharynx
- 13.1c The Larynx
- 13.1d The Trachea
- 13.1e The Main Bronchi
- 13.1f The Lungs
- The Bronchial Tree
- Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
- 13.2a Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- 13.2b Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Nonrespiratory Air Movements
- Respiratory Sounds
- 13.2c External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
- External Respiration
- Gas Transport in the Blood
- Internal Respiration
- 13.2d Control of Respiration
- Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
- Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
- Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
- 14.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System
- 14.1a Organs of the Alimentary Canal
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- 14.1b Accessory Digestive Organs
- Teeth
- Salivary Glands
- Pancreas
- Liver and Gallbladder
- 14.1a Organs of the Alimentary Canal
- 14.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System
- 14.2 Functions of the Digestive System
- 14.2a Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
- 14.2b Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- Food Ingestion and Breakdown
- Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis
- 14.2c Activities of the Stomach
- Food Breakdown
- Food Propulsion
- 14.2d Activities of the Small Intestine
- Chyme Breakdown and Absorption
- Chyme Propulsion
- 14.2e Activities of the Large Intestine
- Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption
- Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation
- 14.2f The Microbiota
- 14.3 Nutrition
- 14.3a Dietary Recommendations
- 14.3b Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- 14.4a Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Fat Metabolism
- Protein Metabolism
- 14.4b The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
- General Metabolic Functions
- Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
- 14.4c Body Energy Balance
- Regulation of Food Intake
- Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
- Body Temperature Regulation
- 15.1 Kidneys
- 15.1a Location and Structure
- Kidney Structure
- Blood Supply
- 15.1b Nephrons
- 15.1c Urine Formation and Characteristics
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion
- Nitrogenous Wastes
- Characteristics of Urine
- 15.1a Location and Structure
- 15.2a Ureters
- 15.2b Urinary Bladder
- 15.2c Urethra
- 15.2d Micturition
- 15.3a Maintaining Water Balance of Blood
- Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
- The Link between Water and Electrolytes
- Regulation of Water Intake and Output
- 15.3b Maintaining Electrolyte Balance
- 15.3c Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
- Blood Buffers
- Respiratory Mechanisms
- Renal Mechanisms
- 16.1 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
- 16.1a Testes
- 16.1b Duct System
- Epididymis
- Ductus Deferens
- Urethra
- 16.1c Accessory Glands and Semen
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral Glands
- Semen
- 16.1d External Genitalia
- 16.2 Male Reproductive Functions
- 16.2a Spermatogenesis
- 16.2b Testosterone Production
- 16.3 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
- 16.3a Ovaries
- 16.3b Duct System
- Uterine Tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- 16.3c External Genitalia and Female Perineum
- 16.4 Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles
- 16.4a Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
- 16.4b Hormone Production by the Ovaries
- 16.4c Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
- 16.5 Mammary Glands
- 16.6 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- 16.6a Accomplishing Fertilization
- 16.6b Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
- 16.6c Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
- Anatomical Changes
- Physiological Changes
- 16.6d Childbirth
- Initiation of Labor
- Stages of Labor
- Appendix A. Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions
- Appendix B. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
- Appendix C. Periodic Table of the Elements
- Appendix D. Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
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