Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Preface: why?
• 1 The world as it was and the world as it is
  • 1.1 Early ecological history
  • 1.2 The more recent past
  • 1.3 Characteristics of freshwater organisms
  • 1.4 Freshwater biodiversity
  • 1.5 A spanner in the works?
  • 1.6 Politics and pollution
  • 1.7 On the nature of textbooks
  • 1.8 Further reading
• 2 Early evolution and diversity of freshwater organisms
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 The freshwater biota
  • 2.3 Bacteria
  • 2.4 The variety of bacteria
  • 2.5 Viruses
  • 2.6 Two sorts of cells
  • 2.7 The diversity of microbial eukaryotes
  • 2.8 Algae
  • 2.9 Kingdoms of eukaryotes
  • 2.10 Further reading
• 3 Diversity continued
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Osmoregulation
  • 3.3 Reproduction, resting stages and aestivation
  • 3.4 Getting enough oxygen
  • 3.5 Insects
  • 3.6 Big animals, air‐breathers and swamps
  • 3.7 Dispersal among freshwaters
  • 3.8 Patterns in freshwater diversity
  • 3.9 Fish faunas
  • 3.10 The fish of Lake Victoria
  • 3.11 Overall diversity in freshwaters
  • 3.12 Environmental DNA
  • 3.13 Further reading
• 4 Water
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 The molecular properties of water and their physical consequences
  • 4.3 Melting and evaporation
  • 4.4 How much water is there and where is it?
  • 4.5 Patterns in hydrology
  • 4.6 Bodies of water and their temperatures
  • 4.7 An overview of mixing patterns
  • 4.8 Viscosity of water and fluid dynamics
  • 4.9 Diffusion
  • 4.10 Further reading
• 5 Water as a habitat
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Polar and covalent compounds
  • 5.3 The atmosphere
  • 5.4 Carbon dioxide
  • 5.5 Major ions
  • 5.6 The big picture
  • 5.7 Further reading
• 6 Key nutrients, trace elements and organic matter
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Concepts of limiting substances
  • 6.3 Experiments on nutrient limitation
  • 6.4 Nutrient supply and need
  • 6.5 Phosphorus
  • 6.6 Nitrogen
  • 6.7 Pristine concentrations
  • 6.8 Trace elements and silicon
  • 6.9 Organic substances
  • 6.10 Substance budgets and movements
  • 6.11 Sediment–water relationships
  • 6.12 Further reading
• 7 Light thrown upon the waters
  • 7.1 Light
  • 7.2 Effects of the atmosphere
  • 7.3 From above to under the water
  • 7.4 Remote sensing
  • 7.5 Further reading
• 8 Headwater streams and rivers
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 General models of stream ecosystems
  • 8.3 The basics of stream flow
  • 8.4 Flow and discharge
  • 8.5 Laminar and turbulent flow
  • 8.6 Particles carried
  • 8.7 The response of stream organisms to shear stress
  • 8.8 Community composition in streams
  • 8.9 Algal and plant communities
  • 8.10 Macroinvertebrates
  • 8.11 Streams in different climates: the polar and alpine zones
  • 8.12 Invertebrates of kryal streams
  • 8.13 Food webs in cold streams
  • 8.14 Stream systems in the cold‐temperate zone
  • 8.15 Allochthonous sources of energy
  • 8.16 Stream orders
  • 8.17 The river continuum concept
  • 8.18 Indirectly, wolves are stream animals too
  • 8.19 Scarcity of nutrients
  • 8.20 Warm‐temperate streams
  • 8.21 Desert streams
  • 8.22 Tropical streams
  • 8.23 Further reading
• 9 Uses, misuses and restoration of headwater streams and rivers
  • 9.1 Traditional use of headwater river systems
  • 9.2 Deforestation
  • 9.3 Acidification
  • 9.4 Eutrophication
  • 9.5 Commercial afforestation
  • 9.6 Settlement
  • 9.7 Engineering impacts
  • 9.8 Alterations of the fish community and introduced species
  • 9.9 Sewage and toxic pollution and their treatment
  • 9.10 Diffuse pollution
  • 9.11 River monitoring
  • 9.12 The Water Framework Directive
  • 9.13 Implementation of the Directive
  • 9.14 Restoration and rehabilitation ecology
  • 9.15 Further reading
• 10 Rich systems: floodplain rivers
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 From an erosive river to a depositional one
  • 10.3 Submerged plants
  • 10.4 Growth of submerged plants
  • 10.5 Methods of measuring the primary productivity of submerged plants
  • 10.6 Enclosure methods
  • 10.7 Other methods
  • 10.8 Submerged plants and the river ecosystem
  • 10.9 Farther downstream: swamps and floodplains
  • 10.10 Productivity of swamps and floodplain marshes
  • 10.11 Swamp soils and the fate of the high primary production
  • 10.12 Oxygen supply and soil chemistry in swamps
  • 10.13 Emergent plants and flooded soils
  • 10.14 Swamp and marsh animals
  • 10.15 Whitefish and blackfish
  • 10.16 Latitudinal differences in floodplains
  • 10.17 Polar floodplains
  • 10.18 Cold‐temperate floodplains
  • 10.19 Warm‐temperate floodplains
  • 10.20 Tropical floodplains
  • 10.21 The Sudd
  • 10.22 Further reading
• 11 Floodplains and human affairs
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Floodplain services
  • 11.3 Floodplain fisheries
  • 11.4 Floodplain swamps and human diseases
  • 11.5 Case studies: the Pongola River
  • 11.6 River and floodplain management and rehabilitation
  • 11.7 Mitigation: plant bed management in rivers
  • 11.8 Enhancement
  • 11.9 Rehabilitation
  • 11.10 Inter‐basin transfers and water needs
  • 11.11 Further reading
• 12 Lakes and other standing waters
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 The origins of lake basins
  • 12.3 Lake structure
  • 12.4 The importance of the catchment area
  • 12.5 Lakes as autotrophic or heterotrophic systems
  • 12.6 The continuum of lakes
  • 12.7 Lake history
  • 12.8 Organic remains
  • 12.9 General problems of interpretation of evidence from sediment cores
  • 12.10 Two ancient lakes
  • 12.11 Younger lakes
  • 12.12 Filling in
  • 12.13 Summing‐up
  • 12.14 Further reading
• 13 The communities of shallow standing waters: mires, shallow lakes and the littoral zone
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 What determines the nature of mires and littoral zones?
  • 13.3 Temperature
  • 13.4 Nutrients
  • 13.5 Littoral communities in lakes
  • 13.6 The structure of littoral communities
  • 13.7 Periphyton
  • 13.8 Heterotrophs among the plants
  • 13.9 Neuston
  • 13.10 Linkages, risks and insurances among the littoral communities
  • 13.11 Latitude and littorals
  • 13.12 The role of the nekton
  • 13.13 Further reading
• 14 Plankton communities of the pelagic zone
  • 14.1 Kitchens and toilets
  • 14.2 Phytoplankton and sinking
  • 14.3 Photosynthesis and growth of phytoplankton
  • 14.4 Net production and growth
  • 14.5 Nutrient uptake and growth rates of phytoplankton
  • 14.6 Distribution of freshwater phytoplankton
  • 14.7 Washout
  • 14.8 Cyanobacterial blooms
  • 14.9 Heterotrophs in the plankton: viruses and bacteria
  • 14.10 The microbial pathway
  • 14.11 Zooplankton
  • 14.12 Grazing
  • 14.13 Feeding and grazing rates of zooplankton
  • 14.14 Competition and predation among grazers
  • 14.15 Predation on zooplankters by invertebrates
  • 14.16 Fishes in the open‐water community
  • 14.17 Predation on the zooplankton and fish production
  • 14.18 Avoidance of vertebrate predation by the zooplankton
  • 14.19 Piscivores and piscivory
  • 14.20 Functioning of the open‐water community
  • 14.21 Polar lakes
  • 14.22 Cold‐temperate lakes
  • 14.23 Warm‐temperate lakes
  • 14.24 Very warm lakes in the tropics
  • 14.25 Further reading
• 15 The profundal zone and carbon storage
  • 15.1 The end of the line
  • 15.2 The importance of oxygen
  • 15.3 Profundal communities
  • 15.4 Biology of selected benthic invertebrates
  • 15.5 What the sediment‐living detritivores really eat
  • 15.6 Influence of the open‐water community on the profundal benthos
  • 15.7 Sediment storage and the global carbon cycle
  • 15.8 Further reading
• 16 Fisheries in standing waters
  • 16.1 Some general principles
  • 16.2 Some basic fish biology
  • 16.3 Eggs
  • 16.4 Feeding
  • 16.5 Breeding
  • 16.6 Choice of fish for a fishery
  • 16.7 Measurement of fish production
  • 16.8 Growth measurement
  • 16.9 Fish production and commercial fisheries in lakes
  • 16.10 Changes in fisheries: a case study
  • 16.11 The East African Great Lakes
  • 16.12 Fish culture
  • 16.13 Stillwater angling
  • 16.14 Amenity culture and the aquarium trade
  • 16.15 Further reading
• 17 The uses, abuses and restoration of standing waters
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Services provided by standing waters
  • 17.3 Domestic water supply, eutrophication and reservoirs
  • 17.4 Eutrophication – nutrient pollution
  • 17.5 Dams and reservoirs
  • 17.6 Fisheries in new lakes
  • 17.7 Effects downstream of the new lake
  • 17.8 New tropical lakes and human populations
  • 17.9 Man‐made tropical lakes, the balance of pros and cons
  • 17.10 Amenity and conservation
  • 17.11 The alternative states model
  • 17.12 Ponds
  • 17.13 Restoration approaches for standing waters: symptom treatment
  • 17.14 Treatment of proximate causes: nutrient control
  • 17.15 Present supplies of phosphorus, their relative contributions and how they are related to the algal crop
  • 17.16 Methods available for reducing total phosphorus loads
  • 17.17 In‐lake methods
  • 17.18 Complications for phosphorus control – sediment sources
  • 17.19 Nitrogen reduction
  • 17.20 Habitat creation
  • 17.21 Further reading
• 18 Climate change and the future of freshwaters
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Climate change
  • 18.3 Existing effects of freshwaters
  • 18.4 Future effects
  • 18.5 Future effects on freshwaters
  • 18.6 Switches and feedbacks
  • 18.7 Wicked problems
  • 18.8 Mitigation of global warming
  • 18.9 The remedy of ultimate causes
  • 18.10 Rewilding the world
  • 18.11 Reforming governments
  • 18.12 Further reading
• References
• Index
• End User License Agreement

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