Ecology: Concepts and Applications
Námskeið Vistfræði - Höfundur: Manuel Molles
5.290 kr.
Námskeið
- LÍF505M Vistfræði B
Annað
- Höfundur: Manuel Molles
- Útgáfa:9
- Útgáfudagur: 2021-09-23
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781265007638
- Print ISBN: 9781265286330
- ISBN 10: 1265007632
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the Authors
- Dedication
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
- Concepts
- 1.1 Overview of Ecology
- Concept 1.1 Review
- 1.2 Sampling Ecological Research
- Climatic and Ecological Change: Past and Future
- Concept 1.2 Review
- Applications: Ecology Can Inform Environmental Law and Policy
- Section I: Natural History And Evolution
- Chapter 2 Life on Land
- Concepts
- Terrestrial Biomes and the Importance of Plants
- 2.1 Large-Scale Patterns of Climatic Variation
- Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation
- Climate Diagrams
- Concept 2.1 Review
- 2.2 Other Factors That Shape Terrestrial Biomes
- Concept 2.2 Review
- 2.3 Natural History and Geography of Biomes
- Tropical Rain Forest
- Tropical Dry Forest
- Tropical Savanna
- Desert
- Woodland and Shrubland
- Temperate Grassland
- Temperate Forest
- Boreal Forest
- Tundra
- Mountains: A Diversity of Biomes
- Concept 2.3 Review
- Applications: Finer Scale Climatic Variation over Time and Space
- Chapter 3 Life in Water
- Concepts
- Aquatic Biomes and How They Differ
- 3.1 Water Cycling
- The Hydrologic Cycle
- The Effects of Wind and Temperature
- Concept 3.1 Review
- 3.2 The Natural History of Aquatic Environments
- The Oceans
- Life in Shallow Marine Waters: Kelp Forests and Coral Gardens
- Marine Shores: Life Between High and Low Tides
- Transitional Environments: Estuaries, Salt Marshes, Mangrove Forests, and Freshwater Wetlands
- Rivers and Streams: Life Blood and Pulse of the Land
- Lakes: Small Seas
- Concept 3.2 Review
- Applications: Biological Integrity—Assessing the Health of Aquatic Systems
- Number of Species and Species Composition
- Trophic Composition
- Fish Abundance and Condition
- A Test
- Chapter 4 Population Genetics and Natural Selection
- Concepts
- 4.1 Variation Within Populations
- Variation in a Widely Distributed Plant
- Variation in Alpine Fish Populations
- Concept 4.1 Review
- 4.2 Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Calculating Gene Frequencies
- Concept 4.2 Review
- 4.3 The Process of Natural Selection
- Stabilizing Selection
- Directional Selection
- Disruptive Selection
- Concept 4.3 Review
- 4.4 Evolution by Natural Selection
- Heritability: Essential for Evolution
- Directional Selection: Adaptation by Soapberry Bugs to New Host Plants
- Concept 4.4 Review
- 4.5 Change due to Chance
- Evidence of Genetic Drift in Island Crickets
- Genetic Diversity and Butterfly Extinctions
- Concept 4.5 Review
- Applications: Evolution and Agriculture
- Evolution of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
- Chapter 2 Life on Land
- Chapter 5 Temperature Relations
- Concepts
- 5.1 Microclimates
- Altitude
- Aspect
- Vegetation
- Color of the Ground
- Presence of Boulders and Burrows
- Aquatic Temperatures
- Concept 5.1 Review
- 5.2 Evolutionary Trade-Offs
- The Principle of Allocation
- Concept 5.2 Review
- 5.3 Temperature and Performance of Organisms
- Extreme Temperatures and Photosynthesis
- Temperature and Microbial Activity
- Concept 5.3 Review
- 5.4 Regulating Body Temperature
- Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
- Temperature Regulation by Plants
- Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
- Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals
- Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
- Concept 5.4 Review
- 5.5 Surviving Extreme Temperatures
- Inactivity
- Reducing Metabolic Rate
- Hibernation by a Tropical Species
- Concept 5.5 Review
- Applications: Local Extinction of a Land Snail in an Urban Heat Island
- Chapter 6 Water Relations
- Concepts
- 6.1 Water Availability
- Water Content of Air
- Water Movement in Aquatic Environments
- Water Movement Between Soils and Plants
- Concept 6.1 Review
- 6.2 Water Regulation on Land
- Water Acquisition by Animals
- Water Acquisition by Plants
- Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
- Dissimilar Organisms with Similar Approaches to Desert Life
- Two Arthropods with Opposite Approaches to Desert Life
- Concept 6.2 Review
- 6.3 Water and Salt Balance in Aquatic Environments
- Marine Fish and Invertebrates
- Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates
- Concept 6.3 Review
- Applications: Using Stable Isotopes to Study Water Uptake by Plants
- Stable Isotope Analysis
- Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Plant Water Sources
- Chapter 7 Energy and Nutrient Relations
- Concepts
- 7.1 Photosynthetic Autotrophs
- The Solar-Powered Biosphere
- Concept 7.1 Review
- 7.2 Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
- Concept 7.2 Review
- 7.3 Heterotrophs
- Chemical Composition and Nutrient Requirements
- Concept 7.3 Review
- 7.4 Energy Limitation
- Photon Flux and Photosynthetic Response Curves
- Food Density and Animal Functional Response
- Concept 7.4 Review
- 7.5 Optimal Foraging Theory
- Testing Optimal Foraging Theory
- Optimal Foraging by Plants
- Concept 7.5 Review
- Applications: Bioremediation—Using the Trophic Diversity of Bacteria to Solve Environmental Problems
- Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
- Cyanide and Nitrates in Mine Spoils
- Chapter 8 Social Relations
- Concepts
- 8.1 Mate Choice versus Predation
- Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
- Concept 8.1 Review
- 8.2 Mate Choice and Resource Provisioning
- Concept 8.2 Review
- 8.3 Nonrandom Mating in a Plant Population
- Concept 8.3 Review
- 8.4 Sociality
- Cooperative Breeders
- Concept 8.4 Review
- 8.5 Eusociality
- Eusocial Species
- Evolution of Eusociality
- Concept 8.5 Review
- Applications: Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
- Tinbergen’s Framework
- Environmental Enrichment and Development of Behavior
- Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance
- Concepts
- 9.1 Distribution Limits
- Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
- Distributions of Plants Along a Moisture-Temperature Gradient
- Distributions of Barnacles Along an Intertidal Exposure Gradient
- Concept 9.1 Review
- 9.2 Patterns on Small Scales
- Scale, Distributions, and Mechanisms
- Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies
- Distributions of Desert Shrubs
- Concept 9.2 Review
- 9.3 Patterns on Large Scales
- Bird Populations Across North America
- Plant Distributions Along Moisture Gradients
- Concept 9.3 Review
- 9.4 Organism Size and Population Density
- Animal Size and Population Density
- Plant Size and Population Density
- Concept 9.4 Review
- Applications: Rarity and Vulnerability to Extinction
- Seven Forms of Rarity and One of Abundance
- Chapter 10 Population Dynamics
- Concepts
- 10.1 Dispersal
- Dispersal of Expanding Populations
- Range Changes in Response to Climate Change
- Dispersal in Response to Changing Food Supply
- Dispersal in Rivers and Streams
- Concept 10.1 Review
- 10.2 Metapopulations
- A Metapopulation of an Alpine Butterfly
- Dispersal Within a Metapopulation of Lesser Kestrels
- Concept 10.2 Review
- 10.3 Patterns of Survival
- Estimating Patterns of Survival
- High Survival Among the Young
- Constant Rates of Survival
- High Mortality Among the Young
- Three Types of Survivorship Curves
- Concept 10.3 Review
- 10.4 Age Distribution
- Contrasting Tree Populations
- A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate
- Concept 10.4 Review
- 10.5 Rates of Population Change
- Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant
- Estimating Rates When Generations Overlap
- Concept 10.5 Review
- Applications: Changes in Species Distributions in Response to Climate Warming
- Chapter 11 Population Growth
- Concepts
- 11.1 Geometric and Exponential Population Growth
- Geometric Growth
- Exponential Growth
- Exponential Growth in Nature
- Concept 11.1 Review
- 11.2 Logistic Population Growth
- Concept 11.2 Review
- 11.3 Limits to Population Growth
- Environment and Birth and Death Among Darwin’s Finches
- Concept 11.3 Review
- Applications: The Human Population
- Distribution and Abundance
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Chapter 12 Life Histories
- Concepts
- 12.1 Offspring Number versus Size
- Egg Size and Number in Fish
- Seed Size and Number in Plants
- Seed Size and Seedling Performance
- Concept 12.1 Review
- 12.2 Adult Survival and Reproductive Allocation
- Life History Variation Among Species
- Life History Variation within Species
- Concept 12.2 Review
- 12.3 Life History Classification
- r and K Selection
- Plant Life Histories
- Opportunistic, Equilibrium, and Periodic Life Histories
- Lifetime Reproductive Effort and Relative Offspring Size: Two Central Variables?
- Concept 12.3 Review
- Applications: Climate Change and Timing of Reproduction and Migration
- Altered Plant Phenology
- Animal Phenology
- Chapter 13 Species Interactions and Competition
- Concepts
- Competitive Interactions Are Diverse
- 13.1 Intraspecific Competition
- Intraspecific Competition Among Plants
- Intraspecific Competition Among Planthoppers
- Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods
- Concept 13.1 Review
- 13.2 Competitive Exclusion and Niches
- The Feeding Niches of Darwin’s Finches
- Competition for Caterpillars
- Concept 13.2 Review
- 13.3 Mathematical and Laboratory Models
- Modeling Interspecific Competition
- Laboratory Models of Competition
- Concept 13.3 Review
- 13.4 Competition and Niches
- Niches and Competition Among Plants
- Niche Overlap and Competition Between Barnacles
- Competition and the Niches of Small Rodents
- Character Displacement
- Evidence for Competition in Nature
- Concept 13.4 Review
- Applications: Competition Between Native and Invasive Species
- Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease
- Concepts
- 14.1 Exploitation and Abundance
- A Herbivorous Stream Insect and Its Algal Food
- Bats, Birds, and Herbivory in a Tropical Forest
- A Pathogenic Parasite, a Predator, and Its Prey
- Concept 14.1 Review
- 14.2 Dynamics
- Cycles of Abundance in Snowshoe Hares and Their Predators
- Experimental Test of Food and Predation Impacts
- Population Cycles in Mathematical and Laboratory Models
- Concept 14.2 Review
- 14.3 Refuges
- Refuges and Host Persistence in Laboratory and Mathematical Models
- Exploited Organisms and Their Wide Variety of “Refuges”
- Concept 14.3 Review
- 14.4 Ratio-Dependent Models of Functional Response
- Alternative Model for Trophic Ecology
- Evidence for Ratio-Dependent Predation
- Concept 14.4 Review
- 14.5 Complex Interactions
- Parasites and Pathogens That Manipulate Host Behavior
- The Entangling of Exploitation with Competition
- Concept 14.5 Review
- Applications: The Value of Pest Control by Bats: A Case Study
- Chapter 15 Mutualism
- Concepts
- 15.1 Plant Mutualisms
- Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi
- Ants and Swollen Thorn Acacias
- A Temperate Plant Protection Mutualism
- Concept 15.1 Review
- 15.2 Coral Mutualisms
- Zooxanthellae and Corals
- A Coral Protection Mutualism
- Concept 15.2 Review
- 15.3 Evolution of Mutualism
- Facultative Ant-Plant Protection Mutualisms
- Concept 15.3 Review
- Applications: Mutualism and Humans
- Guiding Behavior
- Chapter 16 Species Abundance and Diversity
- Concepts
- 16.1 Species Abundance
- The Lognormal Distribution
- Concept 16.1 Review
- 16.2 Species Diversity
- A Quantitative Index of Species Diversity
- Rank-Abundance Curves
- Concept 16.2 Review
- 16.3 Environmental Complexity
- Forest Complexity and Bird Species Diversity
- Niches, Heterogeneity, and the Diversity of Algae and Plants
- The Niches of Algae and Terrestrial Plants
- Complexity in Plant Environments
- Soil and Topographic Heterogeneity
- Nutrient Enrichment Can Reduce Environmental Complexity
- Nitrogen Enrichment and Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Diversity
- Concept 16.3 Review
- 16.4 Disturbance and Diversity
- The Nature and Sources of Disturbance
- The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
- Disturbance and Diversity in the Intertidal Zone
- Disturbance and Diversity in Temperate Grasslands
- Concept 16.4 Review
- Applications: Disturbance by Humans
- Urban Diversity
- Chapter 17 Species Interactions and Community Structure
- Concepts
- 17.1 Community Webs
- Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure
- Concept 17.1 Review
- 17.2 Indirect Interactions
- Indirect Commensalism
- Apparent Competition
- Concept 17.2 Review
- 17.3 Keystone Species
- Food Web Structure and Species Diversity
- Experimental Removal of Sea Stars
- Snail Effects on Algal Diversity
- Fish as Keystone Species in River Food Webs
- Concept 17.3 Review
- 17.4 Mutualistic Keystones
- A Cleaner Fish as a Keystone Species
- Seed Dispersal Mutualists as Keystone Species
- Concept 17.4 Review
- Applications: Human Modification of Food Webs
- Parasitoid Wasps: Apparent Competition and Biological Control
- Chapter 18 Primary and Secondary Production
- Concepts
- 18.1 Patterns of Terrestrial Primary Production
- Actual Evapotranspiration and Terrestrial Primary Production
- Soil Fertility and Terrestrial Primary Production
- Concept 18.1 Review
- 18.2 Patterns of Aquatic Primary Production
- Patterns and Models
- Whole-Lake Experiments on Primary Production
- Global Patterns of Marine Primary Production
- Concept 18.2 Review
- 18.3 Primary Producer Diversity
- Terrestrial Plant Diversity and Primary Production
- Algal Diversity and Aquatic Primary Production
- Concept 18.3 Review
- 18.4 Consumer Influences
- Piscivores, Planktivores, and Lake Primary Production
- Grazing by Large Mammals and Primary Production on the Serengeti
- Concept 18.4 Review
- 18.5 Secondary Production
- A Trophic Dynamic View of Ecosystems
- Top-down Versus Bottom-up Controls on Secondary Production
- Linking Primary Production and Secondary Production
- Concept 18.5 Review
- Applications: Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Study Feeding Habits
- Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Sources of Energy in a Salt Marsh
- Chapter 19 Nutrient Cycling and Retention
- Concepts
- 19.1 Nutrient Cycles
- The Phosphorus Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- Concept 19.1 Review
- 19.2 Rates of Decomposition
- Decomposition in Two Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystems
- Decomposition in Two Temperate Forest Ecosystems
- Decomposition in Aquatic Ecosystems
- Concept 19.2 Review
- 19.3 Organisms and Nutrients
- Nutrient Cycling in Streams and Lakes
- Animals and Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Plants and the Nutrient Dynamics of Ecosystems
- Concept 19.3 Review
- 19.4 Disturbance and Nutrients
- Disturbance and Nutrient Loss from Forests
- Flooding and Nutrient Export by Streams
- Concept 19.4 Review
- Applications: Altering Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Chapter 20 Succession and Stability
- Concepts
- 20.1 Community Changes During Succession
- Primary Succession at Glacier Bay
- Secondary Succession in Temperate Forests
- Succession in Rocky Intertidal Communities
- Succession in Stream Communities
- Concept 20.1 Review
- 20.2 Ecosystem Changes During Succession
- Four Million Years of Ecosystem Change
- Succession and Stream Ecosystem Properties
- Concept 20.2 Review
- 20.3 Mechanisms of Succession
- Facilitation
- Tolerance
- Inhibition
- Successional Mechanisms in the Rocky Intertidal Zone
- Mechanisms in Old Field Succession
- Concept 20.3 Review
- 20.4 Community and Ecosystem Stability
- Lessons from the Park Grass Experiment
- Replicate Disturbances and Desert Stream Stability
- Concept 20.4 Review
- Applications: Ecological Succession Informing Ecological Restoration
- Applying Succession Concepts to Restoration
- Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology
- Concepts
- 21.1 Landscape Structure
- The Structure of Six Landscapes in Ohio
- The Fractal Geometry of Landscapes
- Concept 21.1 Review
- 21.2 Landscape Processes
- Landscape Structure and the Dispersal of Mammals
- Habitat Patch Size and Isolation and the Density of Butterfly Populations
- Habitat Corridors and Movement of Organisms
- Landscape Position and Lake Chemistry
- Concept 21.2 Review
- 21.3 Origins of Landscape Structure and Change
- Geological Processes, Climate, and Landscape Structure
- Organisms and Landscape Structure
- Fire and the Structure of a Mediterranean Landscape
- Concept 21.3 Review
- Applications: Landscape Approaches to Mitigating Urban Heat Islands
- Chapter 22 Geographic Ecology
- Concepts
- 22.1 Area, Isolation, and Species Richness
- Island Area and Species Richness
- Island Isolation and Species Richness
- Concept 22.1 Review
- 22.2 The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
- Species Turnover on Islands
- Experimental Island Biogeography
- Colonization of New Islands by Plants
- Manipulating Island Area
- Island Biogeography Update
- Concept 22.2 Review
- 22.3 Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
- Latitudinal Gradient Hypotheses
- Area and Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
- Continental Area and Species Richness
- Concept 22.3 Review
- 22.4 Historical and Regional Influences
- Exceptional Patterns of Diversity
- Historical and Regional Explanations
- Concept 22.4 Review
- Applications: Global Positioning Systems, Remote Sensing, and Geographic Information Systems
- Global Positioning Systems
- Remote Sensing
- Geographic Information Systems
- Chapter 23 Global Ecology
- Concepts
- The Atmospheric Envelope and the Greenhouse Earth
- 23.1 A Global System
- The Historical Thread
- El Niño and La Niña
- El Niño Southern Oscillation and Marine Populations
- El Niño and the Great Salt Lake
- El Niño and Terrestrial Populations in Australia
- Concept 23.1 Review
- 23.2 Human Activity and the Global Nitrogen Cycle
- Concept 23.2 Review
- 23.3 Changes in Land Cover
- Deforestation
- Concept 23.3 Review
- 23.4 Human Influence on Atmospheric Composition
- Depletion and Recovery of the Ozone Layer
- Concept 23.4 Review
- Applications: Impacts of Global Climate Change
- Shifts in Biodiversity and Widespread Extinction of Species
- Human Impacts of Climate Change
- Appendix A Investigating the Evidence
- 1: The Scientific Method—Questions and Hypotheses
- 2: Determining the Sample Mean
- 3: Determining the Sample Median
- 4: Variation in Data
- 5: Laboratory Experiments
- 6: Sample Size
- 7: Scatter Plots and the Relationship Between Variables
- 8: Estimating Heritability Using Regression Analysis
- 9: Clumped, Random, and Regular Distributions
- 10: Hypotheses and Statistical Significance
- 11: Frequency of Alternative Phenotypes in a Population
- 12: A Statistical Test for Distribution Pattern
- 13: Field Experiments
- 14: Standard Error of the Mean
- 15: Confidence Intervals
- 16: Estimating the Number of Species in Communities
- 17: Using Confidence Intervals to Compare Populations
- 18: Comparing Two Populations with the t-Test
- 19: Assumptions for Statistical Tests
- 20: Variation Around the Median
- 21: Comparison of Two Samples Using a Rank Sum Test
- 22: Sample Size Revisited
- 23: Discovering What’s Been Discovered
- Appendix B Statistical Tables
- Appendix C Abbreviations Used in This Text
- Appendix D Global Biomes
- Glossary
- References
- Index
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- Höfundur : 8903
- Útgáfuár : 2021
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