Developmental Biology XE
Námskeið LÍF401G Þroskunarfræði - Höfundar: Michael J F Barresi, Scott F Gilbert
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- LÍF401G Þroskunarfræði
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This classic text takes a balanced and modern approach, presenting the exciting developments in the field, and making the most complex topics understandable to a new generation of students. Developmental Biology, Thirteenth International Edition, accommodates the needs of both beginners and advanced students by clearly distinguishing the main subject matter from the details needed by advanced students.
Annað
- Höfundar: Michael Barresi, Scott Gilbert
- Útgáfa:13
- Útgáfudagur: 2023-05-01
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780197749814
- Print ISBN: 9780197574614
- ISBN 10: 019774981X
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover Page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- A new, fully integrated, chapter on early development
- A new chapter on human development
- A new emphasis on cellular biomechanics in development
- Updated information on fundamental discoveries
- An evolving pedagogy
- Acknowledgments
- Digital Resources
- For the Instructor
- Enhanced E-Book for the Student
- Part I Patterns and Processes of Becoming
- 1 The Making of a Body and a Field
- 1.1 “How Are You, You?” The Questions of Developmental Biology
- Articulating the questions of developmental biology
- Choosing the organism to study the question: The “model system”
- 1.2 The Cycle of Life
- An animal’s life cycle
- Example: A frog’s life
- Gametogenesis and Fertilization
- Cleavage and Gastrulation
- Organogenesis
- Metamorphosis and Gametogenesis
- A flowering plant’s life cycle
- Example: Arabidopsis (consider the mustard seed)
- Reproductive and Gametophytic Phases
- Embryogenesis and Seed Maturation
- Meristems and Tissue Types
- Vegetative Phases: From Sporophytic Growth to Inflorescence Identity
- 1.1 “How Are You, You?” The Questions of Developmental Biology
- 1.3 Cell Movements in the Embryo
- Cell types and their behaviors
- Gastrulation: “The most important time in your life”
- The primary germ layers and early organs
- 1.4 Watching Development: Some Basic Methods
- Approaching the bench: “Find it, lose it, move it”
- Direct observation of living embryos
- Dye marking
- Genetic labeling
- Transgenic DNA chimeras
- 1.5 Personal Significance: Medical Embryology and Teratology
- 1.6 Developmental Biology and Evolution
- Evolutionary embryology: The early years
- Analogy and homology
- The tree of life and our developmental relatedness
- LECA, A Common Beginning
- From One to many: Multicellular Life
- 1 The Making of a Body and a Field
- Coda
- Conclusion
- 1 Snapshot Summary: The Making of a Body and a Field: Introduction to Developmental Biology
- List of Key Terms
- 2.1 Levels of Commitment
- 2.2 Autonomous Specification
- Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous specification in tunicates
- 2.3 Conditional Specification
- Position matters: Conditional specification in the sea urchin embryo
- It depends on how you slice it: Specification in the plant embryo
- 2.4 Syncytial Specification
- Opposing gradients define axial position
- Differentially specifying all the nuclei in the room
- 2.5 Mapping Cell Maturation
- Conclusion
- 2 Snapshot Summary: Specifying Identity
- List of Key Terms
- 3.1 Defining Differential Gene Expression
- Protein synthesis: A quick primer
- 3.2 Evidence for Genomic Equivalence
- 3.3 Functional Organization and Anatomy of the Gene
- A view of the genomic forest
- Chromatin
- Exons and introns
- Other major elements of a eukaryotic gene
- The transcription product and how it is processed
- 3.4 Noncoding Regulatory Elements: The On, Off, and Dimmer Switches of a Gene
- The Role of Transcription Factors
- Enhancers
- Enhancer Associations and Modularity
- Silencers
- Gene Regulatory Elements: Summary
- 3.5 Mechanisms of Differential Gene Expression: Transcription
- Epigenetic modification: Modulating access to genes
- Loosening and Tightening Chromatin: Histones as Gatekeepers
- Histone Methylation Patterns are Heritable
- DNA Methylation at Promoters: To have or not to have CPG
- DNA Methylation Patterns are Heritable
- Transcription factors regulate gene transcription
- Transcription Factors Recruit Histone-Modifying Enzymes
- Transcription Factors Stabilize Polymerase
- Some Transcription Factors Coordinate the Timed Expression of Multiple Genes
- Pioneer transcription factors: Breaking the silence
- Transcriptional regulation of floral organ identity genes: Learn the ABCs
- The gene regulatory network: Defining an individual cell
- Epigenetic modification: Modulating access to genes
- 3.6 Mechanisms of Differential Gene Expression: Pre-messenger RNA Processing
- Creating protein families through alternative pre-mRNA splicing
- 3.7 Mechanisms of Differential Gene Expression: mRNA Translation
- Message stability and differential mRNA longevity
- Stored oocyte mRNAs: Selective inhibition of mRNA translation
- microRNAs: Specific regulation of mRNA translation and transcription
- miRNAs and the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition
- 4.1 Cell-to-Cell Communication
- 4.2 Adhesion and Sorting: The Physics of Morphogenesis
- Differential cell affinity
- The thermodynamic model of cell interactions
- Cadherins and cell adhesion
- Quantity and Cohesion
- Macromolecular components of the ECM
- Integrins: Receptors for ECM molecules
- Defining induction and competence
- Construction by induction: Building the vertebrate eye
- Morphogen gradients
- Signal transduction cascades: The response to inducers
- Fibroblast growth factors
- FGF8
- FGF Receptors and the RTK Pathway
- The JAK-STAT Pathway
- The Hedgehog family
- Hedgehog Secretion
- The Hedgehog Pathway
- The Wnt family
- Wnt Secretion: Preprocessing
- Wnt Secretion: Negative Feedback at the Front Door
- The Canonical Wnt Pathway (β-Catenin Dependent)
- The Noncanonical Wnt Pathways (β-Catenin Independent)
- The TGF-β superfamily
- TGF-β
- BMPS
- Nodal/activin
- The Smad Pathway
- Other paracrine factors
- Diffusion of paracrine factors
- Focal membrane protrusions as signaling sources
- The Filopodial Cytoneme
- Cytonemes in Vertebrates
- The Primary Cilium
- The Notch pathway: Juxtaposed ligands and receptors for pattern formation
- Paracrine and juxtacrine signaling in coordination: Vulval induction in C. elegans
- Notch-Delta and Lateral Inhibition
- 5.1 The Stem Cell Concept
- Division and self-renewal
- Potency defines a stem cell
- 5.2 Stem Cell Regulation
- 5.3 Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Meristem cells of Arabidopsis thaliana: The embryo and beyond
- Maintaining Totipotency in the SAM
- Cells of the inner cell mass in the mouse embryo
- Mechanisms Promoting Pluripotency of ICM Cells
- How does E-Cadherin Influence Blastocyst Cell Fates?
- Adult stem cell niches in animals
- Meristem cells of Arabidopsis thaliana: The embryo and beyond
- 5.4 The Neural Stem Cell Niche of the Adult Brain
- Neural stem cells
- The stem cell niche of the V-SVZ
- Maintaining the NSC Pool with Cell-to-Cell Interactions
- VCAM1 and Adherence to the Rosette Niche
- Fractones
- Notch, the Timepiece to Differentiation
- Promoting Differentiation in the V-SVZ Niche
- Clonal renewal in the crypt
- The hematopoietic stem cell niche
- Regulation of MSC development
- Embryonic stem cells and regenerative medicine
- Induced pluripotent stem cells
- Applying IPSCS to Human Development and Disease
- Organoids: Human organogenesis in a culture dish
- 6 Sex Determination and Gametogenesis
- 6.1 Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals
- The mammalian pattern of sex determination
- Primary sex determination in mammals
- Gonadal development in humans
- If the Fetus is XY
- If the Fetus is XX
- Decisions, decisions: Genetic mechanisms of gonadal sex determination
- The XX (ovary) Pathway: Rspo1→ β-Catenin → Foxl2
- The XY (Testis) Pathway: Sry → Sox9 → Fgf9
- Sry, Sox9, and Gonadal Differentiation
- Hermaphroditism
- 6.1 Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals
- 6.2 Secondary Sex Determination in Mammals: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype
- The female phenotype
- Sex Chromosome Dosage Compensation
- The male phenotype
- Correlation of primary and secondary sexual phenotypes in humans
- Mammalian sex determination: Summary
- The female phenotype
- The Sex-lethal gene
- Activating Sex-Lethal
- Targets of Sex-Lethal
- Doublesex: The “switch gene” for sex determination
- Drosophila sex determination: Summary
- PGCs in mammals: From genital ridge to gonads
- Meiosis: The intertwining of life cycles
- Spermatogenesis in mammals
- The Proliferative (Mitotic) Phase
- The Meiotic Phase: Haploid Spermatids
- The Postmeiotic Phase: Spermiogenesis
- Oogenesis in mammals
- Oogenic Meiosis
- Signaling flower formation
- Male and female floral organs
- Gametogenesis
- Pollen and the Male Gametophyte
- The Ovule and the Female Gametophyte
- 7.1 Structure of the Gametes
- Sperm anatomy
- The Sperm Head
- The Tail and Sperm Propulsion
- Egg anatomy
- Egg Cytoplasm
- The Egg Nucleus
- The Egg Cell Membrane and Extracellular Envelope
- Sperm anatomy
- Sperm attraction: Action at a distance
- The acrosome reaction
- Recognition of the egg’s extracellular coat
- Fusion of the egg and sperm cell membranes
- Prevention of polyspermy
- The Fast Block
- The Slow Block
- Calcium Ions as Initiators of Blocks to Polyspermy
- Activating the egg and initiating development
- IP3: The Releaser of Ca2+
- Phospholipase C: The Generator of IP3
- Late responses: Resumption of DNA and protein synthesis
- Translating Maternal mRNAs
- Fusion of genetic material
- Getting the gametes into the oviduct: Translocation
- Translocation of the Oocyte
- Translocation of the Sperm
- Capacitation
- Hyperactivation, directed sperm migration, and the acrosome reaction
- Thermal and Chemical Gradients
- The Acrosome Reaction
- Recognition at the zona pellucida
- Gamete fusion and sperm entry
- Blocks to Polyspermy
- Activation of the mammalian egg
- Fusion of genetic material
- Pollination and the progamic phase
- Germination and Pollen Tube Elongation
- Navigating the Pollen Tube
- Double fertilization and gamete activation
- Gamete Fusion
- Blocking Polyspermy and Activating the Gametes
- 8 Conceptualizing Early Development
- 8.1 Early Development Shapes the Tree of Life
- Diploblastic animals: Cnidarians and ctenophores
- Triploblastic animals: Protostomes and deuterostomes
- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes
- Common themes of early development
- 8.2 From One Cell to Many: Cleavage
- Patterns of cleavage
- Yolk Distribution
- From Fertilization to Cleavage: MPF and Cyclin B
- The Mid-Blastula Transition
- Patterns of cleavage
- 8.1 Early Development Shapes the Tree of Life
- 8.3 The “Goals” of Gastrulation
- Cell movements during gastrulation
- The evolutionary origins of gastrulation
- One Ancient Cell: Invagination, Ingression, and Apical Constriction
- Choanocytes and Choanoflagellates
- The evolutionary context of gastrulation: A summary
- 8.4 Achieving the “Goals”: Canonical Events that Power Gastrulation
- Step 1: Initiate the site of internalization
- Invagination and Ingression in Insects
- Apical Constriction
- Birds and Mammals
- Step 2: Move cells inside
- Epiboly and Involution are Powered by Cellular Intercalation
- Collective Migration
- Step 3: Axis elongation
- Drosophila
- Birds
- Mesenchymal Cell Intercalation
- Step 1: Initiate the site of internalization
- Organizing the embryo: A historical transformation
- Organizing the embryo: Futuristic formations
- The common developmental mode for axis formation
- 9.1 Spiral Patterning and Cleavage in Snail Embryos
- Maternal regulation of snail cleavage
- 9.2 Developing a Spiral: A Plant’s Perspective
- Spiral patterns from stresses in the inflorescence meristem
- Auxin: Spiral patterns by positive feedback
- 9.3 Gastrulation and Axis Determination in Snails
- The D quadrant “organizer”
- It depends how you slice it: The role of BMP/Dpp signaling in spiralian axis specification
- 9.4 The Nematode C. elegans
- Fertilization and cleavage in C. elegans
- Gastrulation in C. elegans
- Anterior-posterior axis formation
- Dorsal-ventral and right-left axis formation
- Control of blastomere identity
- Autonomous Specification
- Conditional Specification
- 10.1 Early Drosophila Development
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- The mid-blastula transition
- Gastrulation
- 10.2 The Genetic Mechanisms Patterning the Drosophila Body
- 10.3 Maternal Gradients: Anterior-Posterior Polarity
- Polarity regulation by the oocyte cytoplasm
- Gradients of translational inhibitors
- The terminal gene group
- Specifying anterior-posterior polarity in Drosophila: Summary
- 10.4 Segmentation Genes
- Segments and parasegments
- The gap genes
- The pair-rule genes
- The segment polarity genes
- 10.5 The Homeotic Selector Genes
- 10.6 Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis
- Dorsal-ventral patterning in the oocyte
- Generating the dorsal-ventral axis within the embryo
- 10.7 Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model
- Coda
- Conclusion
- 10 Snapshot Summary: The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila
- List of Key Terms
- 11.1 Early Development in Sea Urchins
- Early cleavage
- Blastula formation
- The Sea Urchin Fate Map
- Ingression of the skeletogenic mesenchyme
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Invagination of the Archenteron
- First Stage of Archenteron Invagination
- Second and Third Stages of Archenteron Invagination
- Gene regulatory networks and skeletogenic mesenchyme specification
- Disheveled and β-Catenin: Specifying the Micromeres
- Specification of the vegetal cells
- Tunicate cleavage
- Tunicate gastrulation
- The tunicate fate map
- Autonomous and conditional specification of tunicate blastomeres
- Autonomous Specification of the Myoplasm: The Yellow Crescent and Macho-1
- Autonomous Specification of Endoderm: β-Catenin
- Conditional Specification of Mesenchyme and Notochord by the Endoderm
- 12.1 Fertilization and Cleavage in Amphibians
- Fertilization and cortical rotation
- Cleavage
- The mid-blastula transition: Preparing for gastrulation
- 12.2 Amphibian Gastrulation
- Epiboly of the prospective ectoderm
- Vegetal rotation and invagination of the bottle cells
- Involution at the blastopore lip
- Convergent extension of the dorsal mesoderm
- Specification of the germ layers
- 12.3 Axis Formation and the Amphibian Organizer: Molecular Mechanisms
- Discovery of the organizer
- How does the organizer form?
- The Dorsal Signal, Part 1: The Nieuwkoop Center
- The Dorsal Signal, Part 2: β-Catenin
- The Dorsal Signal, Part 3: Synergy with Vegetal Signals
- Formation of the Organizer: A Summary
- Induction of neural ectoderm and dorsal mesoderm: BMP antagonists
- Ectodermal Bias
- Conservation of BMP signaling during dorsal-ventral patterning
- Anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axis formation: A Summary
- Zebrafish cleavage: Yolking up the process
- Mid-Blastula Transition and the YSL
- Gastrulation and formation of the germ layers
- Progression of Epiboly
- Internalization of the Hypoblast
- The embryonic shield and the neural keel
- Left-right axis formation
- 13.1 Early Development in Birds
- Fertilization and cleavage
- Avian gastrulation
- Blastoderm to Blastodisc: Koller’s Sickle and the PMZ
- The avian primitive streak
- Elongation
- Axis specification and the avian “organizer”
- Endoderm and Mesoderm
- Regression of the primitive streak and epiboly of the ectoderm
- Left-right axis formation
- The tail: A coda to gastrulation
- The unique nature of mammalian cleavage
- Compaction and the formation of the blastocyst
- Cavitation
- Modifications for development inside another organism
- Primitive Endoderm: The Mammalian Hypoblast
- The Primitive Streak and Node
- The anterior-posterior axis: Two signaling centers
- How does the Mouse Ave form?
- Anterior-posterior patterning: The Hox code hypothesis
- The Left-Right Axis
- The vertebrate tail
- 14.1 Some Distinctions of Human Development
- The Homo sapiens life cycle (very briefly)
- The specialized vocabulary of human embryology
- Pregnancy and embryonic development
- Birth
- 14.2 Oogenesis and Ovulation
- Oogenesis
- Ovulation
- Aneuploidy: When meiosis generates the wrong number of chromosomes
- Aneuploidies of Sex Chromosome
- Autosomal Aneuploidies
- Activation of the oocyte
- Cleavage
- Hatching
- Preparing the uterus for pregnancy
- Implantation
- Apposition
- Adhesion
- Progression
- Decidualization
- The inflammation theory of implantation: Turning foes into allies
- Preparing for gastrulation: Formation of the epiblast and amnion
- Gastrulation and the placenta
- Formation of the placenta
- Twinning
- Circumventing infertility: In vitro fertilization
- The developmental nature of human syndromes
- Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity
- Alcohol as a teratogen
- Endocrine disruptors
- Endocrine disruptors and gametogenesis
- Fracking
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Infertility and Declining Sperm Counts
- BPA and aneuploidy
- Transgenerational inheritance of developmental disorders
- 15 Neural Tube Formation and Patterning
- 15.1 Neurulation: The Birth of the Nervous System
- Transforming the neural plate into the neural tube
- Primary neurulation
- Regulation of Hinge Points
- Neural Tube Closure
- Fusion and Separation
- Neural Tube Defects
- Secondary neurulation
- 15.2 Patterning the Central Nervous System
- The anterior-posterior axis
- The dorsal-ventral axis
- Opposing Morphogens
- How Much and How Long?
- 15.1 Neurulation: The Birth of the Nervous System
- 15.3 The Axes Come Together
- Conclusion
- 15 Snapshot Summary: Neural Tube Formation and Patterning
- List of Key Terms
- 16.1 Neuroanatomy of the Developing Central Nervous System
- The cells of the developing central nervous system
- Neural Stem Cells of the Embryo
- Tissues of the developing central nervous system
- Spinal Cord and Medulla
- The Cerebellum
- Cerebral Organization
- The cells of the developing central nervous system
- Neural stem cell behaviors during division
- Symmetry of Stem Cell Division
- Neurogenesis: Building from the bottom up (or from the inside out)
- Glia as scaffolds for layering the cerebellum and neocortex
- Laminar Identity in the Neocortex
- Signaling mechanisms regulating development of the neocortex
- To be or not to be … a Stem, a Progenitor, or a Neuron?
- Symmetry May Age Us
- Fetal neuronal growth rate continues after birth
- Hills raise the horizon for learning
- Identifying the Genes that Make the Human Brain Unique
- The Role of Noncoding RNAs: It’s not What You Make, but How You Make it
- I Think, Therefore i am (Because of Retinoic Acid and a Lack of Cerebellin Repression)
- Changes in transcript quantity
- 17.1 The Nature of the Neural Crest
- Regionalization of the neural crest
- Are most neural crest cells multipotent?
- Specification of neural crest cells
- 17.2 Neural Crest Cell Migration: Epithelial to Mesenchymal and Beyond
- Delamination
- The driving force of contact inhibition
- Collective migration
- 17.3 Migration Pathways of Trunk Neural Crest Cells
- The ventral pathway
- Going for the Gut
- The dorsolateral pathway
- Cell Differentiation in the Dorsolateral Pathway
- Cell Guidance in the Dorsolateral Pathway
- The neural crest (so far): A brief summary
- The ventral pathway
- 17.4 Migration of Cranial Neural Crest Cells
- The “chase and run” model: An elaborate collaboration of pushes and pulls
- Neural crest-derived head skeleton
- 17.5 Cardiac Neural Crest
- 17.6 Establishing Axonal Pathways in the Nervous System
- The growth cone: Driver and engine of axon pathfinding
- Rho, Rho, Rho your actin filaments down the signaling stream
- Axon guidance
- 17.7 The Intrinsic Navigational Programming of Motor Neurons
- Cell adhesion: “Grabbing the road”
- Local and long-range guidance molecules: “Street signs”
- Ephrins and semaphorins: Repulsion patterns
- 17.8 Commissural Neurons: How Did the Axon Cross the Road?
- Netrin
- Slit and Robo
- 17.9 The Travels of Retinal Ganglion Axons
- Growth of the retinal ganglion axon to the optic nerve
- Growth of the retinal ganglion axon through the optic chiasm
- 17.10 Target Selection: “Are We There Yet?”
- Chemotactic proteins: Chemical addresses
- Endothelins
- Neurotrophins
- Quantity and quality
- Target selection by retinal axons: “Seeing is believing”
- Chemotactic proteins: Chemical addresses
- 17.11 Synapse Formation
- Conclusion
- 17 Snapshot Summary: Neural Crest Cells and Axonal Specificity
- List of Key Terms
- 18.1 Cranial Placodes: The Senses of Our Heads
- Anterior, intermediate, and posterior cranial placodes
- Cranial placode induction
- 18.2 Otic-Epibranchial Development: A Shared Experience
- Otic and epibranchial placode induction
- Otic morphogenesis
- A Sensory Ganglion by Delamination
- Anatomy of the inner ear
- Axis determination of the otocyst
- 18.3 Development of the Vertebrate Eye
- Morphogenesis of the eye
- Formation of the eye field: The beginnings of the retina
- The lens-retina induction cascade
- 18.4 Non-Sensory Placodes: The Epidermis and Its Cutaneous Appendages
- Stem cells to dead cells: The saga of the epidermis
- The ectodermal appendages
- Recombination experiments: The roles of epithelium and mesenchyme
- Epidermal appendages: Teeth, mammary glands, and hair
- Stem cells of the epidermal appendages
- Teeth
- Mammary Glands
- Hair
- 19 Paraxial Mesoderm
- 19.1 Cell Types of the Somite
- 19.2 Establishing the Paraxial Mesoderm and Cell Fates along the Anterior-Posterior Axis
- Specification of the paraxial mesoderm
- A rostral-caudal antagonism specifies paraxial mesoderm from neural fates
- Spatiotemporal collinearity of Hox genes determines identity along the trunk
- 19.3 Somitogenesis
- Axis elongation: A caudal progenitor zone and tissue-to-tissue forces
- Somites Transition from a Mesenchymal to an Epithelial Architecture
- How a somite forms: The clock-wavefront model
- Where a Somite Boundary Forms: the Determination Front
- When a Somite Boundary Forms: the Clock
- Terminating the Notch Clock with Epithelialization
- Sounding the Alarm at the Right Place at the Right Time: Connecting the Clock and the Determination Front
- Linking the clock-wavefront to Hox-mediated axial identity and the end of somitogenesis
- Axis elongation: A caudal progenitor zone and tissue-to-tissue forces
- 19.4 Sclerotome Development
- Vertebrae formation
- Tendon formation: The syndetome
- 19.5 Dermomyotome Development
- Determination of the central dermomyotome
- The myotome and muscle development: Myogenic regulatory factors
- Conclusion
- 19 Snapshot Summary: Paraxial Mesoderm
- List of Key Terms
- 20 Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm
- 20.1 Intermediate Mesoderm: The Kidney
- Specifying the intermediate mesoderm: Pax2, Pax8, and Lim1
- Reciprocal interactions of developing kidney tissues
- Mechanisms of reciprocal induction
- Step 1: Formation of Metanephric Mesenchyme and the Ureteric Bud
- Step 2: Metanephric Mesenchyme Induces Outgrowth of the Ureteric Bud
- Step 3: The Ureteric Bud Prevents Mesenchymal Apoptosis
- Step 4: Mesenchyme Induces Branching of the Ureteric Bud
- Step 5: Wnt Signals Convert the Aggregated Mesenchyme Cells into a Nephron
- Step 6: Inserting the Ureter into the Bladder
- Completing the Amniote Kidney
- 20.1 Intermediate Mesoderm: The Kidney
- 20.2 Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart and Circulatory System
- 20.3 Heart Development
- A minimalist heart
- Formation of the heart fields
- Specification of cardiogenic mesoderm
- Migration of the cardiac precursor cells
- The Second Heart Field
- Initial heart cell differentiation
- Looping of the heart
- The Final Transition: the First Breath
- Vasculogenesis: The initial formation of blood vessels
- Sites of Vasculogenesis
- Growth Factors and Vasculogenesis
- Angiogenesis: Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular beds
- Sites of hematopoiesis
- The bone marrow HSC niche
- 21.1 The Limb Bud
- 21.2 Hox Gene Specification of Limb Skeleton Identity
- From proximal to distal: Hox genes in the limb
- Hox genes and beyond
- 21.3 Determining What Kind of Limb to Form and Where to Put It
- Specifying the limb fields
- Induction of the early limb bud
- 1 Mesoderm is made permissive by retinoic acid
- 2 Specification by Tbx5 and Islet1
- 3 Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by Tbx5
- 4 Positive feedback and limb bud formation
- The apical ectodermal ridge generates a second feedback loop
- 21.4 Outgrowth: The Proximal-Distal Axis
- Determining proximal-distal polarity: The role of the AER
- Gradient models of limb patterning
- 21.5 Turing’s Model: A Mechanism for Proximal-Distal Limb Development
- 21.6 Specifying the Anterior-Posterior Axis
- Sonic hedgehog defines a zone of polarizing activity
- Specifying digit identity by Sonic hedgehog
- Sonic hedgehog and FGFs: Yet more feedback loops
- Hox genes are part of the regulatory network specifying digit identity
- 21.7 Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis
- 21.8 Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints
- Sculpting the autopod
- Forming the joints
- 21.9 Evolution by Altering Limb Signaling Centers
- Conclusion
- 21 Snapshot Summary: Development of the Tetrapod Limb
- List of Key Terms
- 22.1 Emergence of the Endoderm
- 22.2 The Pharynx
- 22.3 The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives
- Specification of the gut tissue
- The intestines
- 22.4 Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
- Liver formation
- Pancreas formation
- Generating Functional Pancreatic β Cells
- The gallbladder
- 22.5 The Respiratory Tube
- Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and the biomechanics of branching in the lungs
- Conclusion
- 22 Snapshot Summary: The Endoderm
- List of Key Terms
- 23 Metamorphosis
- 23.1 Amphibian Metamorphosis
- Morphological changes associated with amphibian metamorphosis
- Cell Death During Metamorphosis
- Remodeling During Anuran Metamorphosis
- Hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis
- Regulation by Thyroid Hormone Receptors
- Regionally specific developmental programs
- Morphological changes associated with amphibian metamorphosis
- 23.2 Metamorphosis in Insects
- Imaginal discs
- Eversion and Differentiation
- Hormonal control of insect metamorphosis
- The molecular biology of 20-hydroxyecdysone activity
- Determination of the wing imaginal discs
- Anterior and Posterior Compartments
- Dorsal-Ventral and Proximal-Distal Axes
- Imaginal discs
- 23.1 Amphibian Metamorphosis
- Conclusion
- 23 Snapshot Summary: Metamorphosis
- List of Key Terms
- 24.1 Defining the Problem of Regeneration
- What is required for regeneration?
- Modes of regeneration
- 24.2 Is Regeneration a Recapitulation of Embryonic Development?
- 24.3 An Evolutionary Perspective on Regeneration
- Plants and animals: Different lifestyles, different regenerative potentials
- Why are so many animals unable to regenerate?
- 24.4 Plant Regeneration
- A totipotent way of regenerating
- Regeneration by a single cell for a single cell
- Regeneration by a single cell for a whole plant
- A stem’s stem cell
- A totipotent way of regenerating
- 24.5 Whole-Body Animal Regeneration
- Stem cell-mediated regeneration, morphallaxis, and epimorphosis in hydras
- Routine cell replacement by three types of stem cells
- The head activator
- The hypostome as organizer
- A gradient of Wnt3 is the inducer
- Morphallaxis and epimorphosis in hydra regeneration
- Stem cell-mediated regeneration in flatworms
- The blastema and adult pluripotent stem cells
- Head-to-tail polarity
- A morphological memory map flexes its PCG muscles
- Stem cell-mediated regeneration, morphallaxis, and epimorphosis in hydras
- Salamanders: Epimorphic limb regeneration
- Dedifferentiation and stem cell activation
- Fates restricted
- Nerves and the apical epidermal cap
- Eye of newt: A “clear” argument for transdifferentiation
- Luring the mechanisms of regeneration from zebrafish organs
- Wnt upon a fin
- Compensatory regeneration in the mammalian liver
- The spiny mouse: At the tipping point between scar and regeneration
- 25 The Environmental and Symbiotic Regulation of Development
- 25.1 Developmental Plasticity: The Environment as an Agent in Producing Normal Phenotypes
- Diet-induced polyphenism in hymenopterans
- Queens, Workers, and Soldiers
- Polyphenism in scarabs: The importance of dung
- Diet and DNA methylation
- Predator-induced polyphenisms
- Amphibian Phenotypes Induced by Predators
- Temperature and sexual phenotype
- Temperature as a developmental agent: Butterfly wing pigmentation
- Stress as an agent: The hard life of the spadefoot toad
- Reaction norms in plants
- Diet-induced polyphenism in hymenopterans
- 25.2 Developmental Symbioses: Holobionts
- Developmental symbioses in plants
- Legumes and Their Rhizobial Symbionts
- Mycorrhizae
- Mechanisms of developmental symbiosis: Getting the partners together
- Vertical Transmission
- Horizontal Transmission
- The Euprymna-Vibrio symbiosis
- Obligate Developmental Mutualism
- Developmental symbioses in mammals and other vertebrates
- Bacteria Help Regulate Gut Development
- The Mammalian Immune System
- Bacteria Help Regulate Development of Nervous Systems
- Transgenerational microbial effects via transplacental blood flow
- Larval settlement
- Developmental symbioses in plants
- 25.3 Global Climate Change and Development
- Phenology
- Coda
- Conclusion
- 25 Snapshot Summary: Development and the Environment
- List of Key Terms
- 25.1 Developmental Plasticity: The Environment as an Agent in Producing Normal Phenotypes
- 26 Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
- 26.1 Preconditions for Evolution: The Developmental Structure of the Genome
- Modularity: Divergence through dissociation
- The Power of Modularity: Pitx1 and Stickleback Evolution
- Recruitment
- Molecular parsimony: The small toolkit
- Gene duplication and divergence
- Modularity: Divergence through dissociation
- 26.2 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
- Heterotopy
- How the Bat Got its Wings and the Turtle Got its Shell
- The Different Functions of Crustacean Appendages
- The Two Lips of Tulips
- Heterochrony
- Heterometry
- Darwin’s Finches
- Cichlid Fishes
- Human Sweat Glands
- Heterotypy
- Why Insects have Six Legs
- Maize: why Corn is so Easy to Eat
- Heterotopy
- 26.1 Preconditions for Evolution: The Developmental Structure of the Genome
- 26.3 Developmental Constraints on Evolution
- Physical constraints
- Morphogenetic constraints
- Pleiotropy
- 26.4 Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology
- Plasticity-first evolution and genetic assimilation
- Genetic Assimilation in the Laboratory: Heat Shock Proteins
- Genetic Assimilation in Natural Environments
- Evolutionary Advantages of Genetic Assimilation
- Selectable epigenetic variation
- Plasticity-first evolution and genetic assimilation
- 26.5 Evolution and Developmental Symbiosis
- Symbiogenesis
- The Evolution of Multicellularity
- The Origin of Land Plants
- Herbivory and the Symbiotic Origins of the Rumen
- The Evolution of Placental Mammals
- Symbiogenesis
- Research for Research
- Finding the research
- Navigating the PubMed database
- Getting a PDF of an article
- Defining the Anatomy of a Research Paper
- Copyright page
- 1 The Making of a Body and a Field
- 2 Specifying Identity
- 3 Differential Gene Expression
- 4 Cell-to-Cell Communication
- 5 Stem Cells
- 6 Sex Determination and Gametogenesis
- 7 Fertilization
- 8 Conceptualizing Early Development
- 9 Snails, Flowers, and Nematodes
- 10 The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila
- 11 Sea Urchins and Tunicates
- 12 Amphibians and Fish
- 13 Birds and Mammals
- 14 Early Human Development
- 15 Neural Tube Formation and Patterning
- 16 Brain Growth
- 17 Neural Crest Cells and Axonal Specificity
- 18 Ectodermal Placodes and the Epidermis
- 19 Paraxial Mesoderm
- 20 Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm
- 21 Development of the Tetrapod Limb
- 22 The Endoderm
- 23 Metamorphosis
- 24 Regeneration
- 25 The Environmental and Symbiotic Regulation of Development
- 26 Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
- Appendix A Quick Guide to Finding and Comprehending Research Articles in Developmental Biology
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