Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contributors
• Preface
• Part I: Dental caries: What is it and what is the magnitude of the problem?
  • 1 Dental caries – definitions and clinical features
    • The editors’ view on dental caries and introduction to the book
    • Terminology
    • Examples of dental caries
    • Background literature
  • 2 Strategic public health considerations for caries control in populations
    • Introduction
    • The global burden of dental caries
    • The role of sugar in the etiology of dental caries
    • Public health principles for preventive action
    • Overview of upstream, midstream, and downstream strategies to prevent dental caries
    • Implications for the dental profession and oral health care systems
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 3 Dental caries epidemiology
    • Introduction
    • Probability of an outcome
    • Some standard terms used in epidemiology
    • Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode
    • Types of investigation
    • Problems of determining the role of specific factors
    • Analysis and interpretation of data
    • Drawing inferences about associations
    • Age and dental caries
    • International comparisons of occurrence of dental caries
    • Background literature
    • References
• Part II: Diagnosis and detection
  • 4 Visual–tactile caries diagnosis and the role of bitewing radiography
    • Introduction
    • The diagnostic process
    • Two differing perspectives on caries detection
    • Achieving the best health outcome for the patient by classifying caries lesions according to the best management options for each lesion type
    • How early should caries lesions be detected?
    • What are the best visual–tactile caries diagnostic criteria?
    • Commonly used visual–tactile criteria
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Visual–tactile caries examination: A systematic clinical approach
    • Benefits and limitations of visual–tactile caries diagnosis
    • Do we need radiographs for caries detection?
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 5 The foundations of good diagnostic practice
    • Introduction
    • The making of a dentist
    • The dental examination: In the best interest of our patients
    • What are we looking for? What is caries?
    • The wealth of caries diagnostic methods and criteria
    • The evolution in caries diagnostic methods
    • Diagnostic test assessment in the essentialistic gold‐standard paradigm
    • Evaluating caries diagnostic methods
    • Leaps in the essentialistic gold‐standard reasoning
    • Diagnostic test evaluation in the nominalistic caries paradigm
    • Inter‐ and intra‐examiner errors in caries diagnosis
    • How do we deal with the unavoidable diagnostic uncertainty?
    • The additional diagnostic yield argument
    • Concluding remarks
    • References
• Part III: The oral environment and dental caries
  • 6 The oral microbiome – composition, acquisition, establishment, and maturation
    • The microbiome
    • The composition of the oral microbiome
    • The composition and structure of oral mucosal and tongue microbiome
    • Dental plaque microbiome
    • The oral microbiome and immunity
    • Acquisition of the oral microbiome
    • Establishment of the oral microbiome
    • Maturation of the oral microbiome
    • Conclusions
    • Background literature
    • References
  • 7 Functions of the oral microbiome in caries and how they can be controlled
    • Introduction
    • Bacterial metabolism and ecological factors affecting the cariogenic features of dental biofilm
    • The ‘ecological plaque hypothesis’ to explain the role of dental biofilm bacteria in the etiology of dental caries
    • How to control a cariogenic drift of the oral microbiome
    • Clinical approaches to caries control by interference with microbial metabolism
    • Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
    • Concluding remarks
    • References
  • 8 The essential role of saliva in dental caries and erosion
    • Introduction
    • The salivary glands and their secretion
    • Neuronal regulation of salivary secretion
    • Formation of saliva
    • Saliva and its role in maintaining dental health
    • The functions of saliva flow and its inorganic and organic electrolytes
    • Saliva gland hypofunction and dental caries and erosion
    • Evaluation of salivary gland function
    • Management of salivary gland hypofunction
    • Concluding remarks
    • Background literature
    • References
• Part IV: What happens in the dental hard tissues and key determinants of caries
  • 9 The process of de‐ and remineralization – the key to understanding clinical manifestations of dental caries
    • Introduction
    • Enamel mineral
    • Stability of calcium phosphates
    • Crystal dissolution
    • Why is apatite solubility increased by acid?
    • Effect of carbonate and fluoride on apatite dissolution and growth
    • Demineralization and remineralization of the dental hard tissues
    • Caries demineralization
    • Remineralization of enamel
    • Remineralization of dentin
    • Background literature
    • References
  • 10 Initiation and progression of dental caries in dental hard tissues
    • Introduction
    • Human dental enamel at the time of eruption
    • Enamel changes during early caries lesion development
    • The approximal white spot lesion
    • Progression of the enamel lesion
    • Arrest of the caries lesion
    • Occlusal caries
    • Dentin reactions to caries progression
    • Pulpo‐dentinal reactions
    • Root surface caries
    • Background literature
    • References
  • 11 Erosion of the teeth
    • Introduction
    • Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
    • Histological and chemical features
    • Classification by depth of the lesion
    • Classification by etiology
    • Erosion caused by food and drinks
    • Erosion caused by stomach contents
    • Erosion caused by airborne acids
    • Idiopathic erosion
    • Prophylaxis and treatment of erosion
    • Conclusion
    • Background literature
    • References
  • 12 Sugar, diet, and dental caries
    • Introduction
    • History
    • Early ecological studies
    • Experimental human studies
    • Influence of fluoride on the diet – caries relationship
    • Which is of more importance – amount or frequency of sugar consumption?
    • Measuring cariogenicity
    • Sweeteners
    • Protective factors in foods
    • Diet and dental erosion
    • Dietary advice for dental health promotion
    • References
  • 13 Oral hygiene – does it matter?
    • Introduction
    • Some theoretical considerations
    • The biological effect of tooth cleaning
    • The clinical effect of tooth cleaning
    • The effect of professional tooth cleaning
    • The effect of dental flossing
    • Does tooth cleaning matter?
    • References
  • 14 Fluorides in caries control
    • Introduction
    • Fluoride in caries control
    • Anticaries mechanisms of fluoride
    • Dental fluorosis and metabolism of fluoride
    • Fluoride dose and dental fluorosis
    • Where is fluoride found in nature?
    • Fluoride absorption, distribution, and elimination
    • Fluoride concentration in teeth
    • Pathogenesis of dental fluorosis
    • The efficacy and effectiveness of fluorides in the control of dental caries: Systematic review
    • Rational use of fluorides in caries control
    • Background literature
    • References
• Part V: Caries control in children, adults and elderly
  • 15 The caries control concept
    • Why the caries control concept should replace caries prevention
    • How caries control was managed in the past
    • Arrest of active enamel caries
    • Arrest of active root caries
    • Arrest of active cavitated caries
    • Role of fluoride in lesion arrest
    • Benefits and limitations of the caries control approach – and some recommendations
    • References
  • 16 Caries control for the individual patient in all age groups
    • Introduction
    • How are current caries activity and risk of future caries progression assessed?
    • The ‘dental traffic light’
    • What non‐operative, treatments are available?
    • How is the individual helped to control disease progression?
    • When should the patient be recalled?
    • Caries control in children and adolescents
    • Caries control in the frail elderly
    • Failure
    • References
• Part VI: Intervention and treatment
  • 17 Carious cavities – how to manage the ‘infected’ dentin and the pulpal response
    • Introduction
    • The caries process in dentin
    • Mineral distribution in dentin caries
    • Inflammatory reactions to caries in the dental pulp
    • How to manage the carious dentin
    • How much carious dentin needs to be removed?
    • Excavation techniques
    • Excavation protocols
    • Excavation of deep dentin lesions
    • Concluding remarks
    • References
  • 18 Control of dental caries by minimally invasive restorative intervention
    • Introduction
    • The strategy for minimally invasive restorative intervention of caries
    • Micro‐invasive treatments
    • Minimally invasive operative treatment
    • Defective restorations: replacement or repair?
    • A final word of caution
    • References
• Part VII: The implication of caries control for the dental profession
  • 19 How accurately can we assess the risk of developing caries lesions?
    • Introduction
    • The risk of developing caries lesions cannot be observed directly for an individual patient
    • The course of a typical study for evaluating the accuracy of a prediction
    • A real‐life example of using a single, dichotomous predictor
    • Interpretation and use of the measures of prediction accuracy
    • What level of accuracy would be sufficient in everyday practice?
    • What level of accuracy can be achieved?
    • Social factors
    • Clinical caries risk assessment: is it possible?
    • How valuable are the proposed measures?
    • Concluding remarks
    • Background literature
    • References
  • 20 Oral health care – past, present, and future perspectives
    • A brief history of the emergence of dentistry
    • How many dentists are needed?
    • Caries research in the last 50 years
    • A possible future for oral health care in the times of COVID‐19
    • References
• Index
• End User License Agreement

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