Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of figures
• List of tables
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Part I The cognitive linguistics enterprise
  • 1 What do cognitive linguists study?
    • 1 What is language for?
      • 1.1 The symbolic function of language
      • 1.2 The interactive function of language
    • 2 The systematic structure of language
      • 2.1 Evidence for a system
      • 2.2 The systematic structure of thought
    • 3 What do cognitive linguists do?
      • 3.1 What?
      • 3.2 Why?
      • 3.3 How?
      • 3.4 Speaker intuitions
      • 3.5 Converging evidence
    • 4 What it means to know a language (from the perspective of cognitive linguistics)
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 2 Key commitments and research methods
    • 1 Two key commitments
    • 2 The Generalisation Commitment
      • 2.1 Categorisation
      • 2.2 Polysemy
      • 2.3 Metaphor
    • 3 The Cognitive Commitment
      • 3.1 Attention: profiling in language
      • 3.2 Categorisation: fuzzy categories
      • 3.3 Metaphor
    • 4 Research methods
      • 4.1 Phenomena studied by cognitive linguistics
      • 4.2 Research methods in cognitive linguistics
    • 5 The field of cognitive linguistics
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 3 Foundations of experience I: space
    • 1 Spatial perception
      • 1.1 Three stages of perception
      • 1.2 Percepts versus concepts
      • 1.3 Types of perceptual experience
      • 1.4 How do percepts arise?
      • 1.5 Bottom-up theories
      • 1.6 Top-down theories: form perception
    • 2 Linguistic reflexes of perceptual experience
      • 2.1 ‘What’ versus ‘where’ systems in perception and language
      • 2.2 Figure–ground segregation in perception and language
    • 3 Spatial representation in language
      • 3.1 The nature of spatial schemas
      • 3.2 The functional nature of spatial schemas
      • 3.3 Spatial frames of reference
    • 4 Cross-linguistic variation in the representation of space
      • 4.1 Categorising spatial scenes in English and Korean
      • 4.2 S-FoRs in Guugu Yimithirr
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 4 Foundations of experience II: time
    • 1 Temporal perception
      • 1.1 The subjective reality of time
      • 1.2 Facets of temporal experience
    • 2 Linguistic representations for time
      • 2.1 The spatialisation of time
      • 2.2 Lexical concepts for time
      • 2.3 Temporal frames of reference
    • 3 Cross-linguistic patterns in the conceptualisation of time
      • 3.1 The past and future in Aymara
      • 3.2 Earlier and later in Mandarin
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 5 Language in use I: knowledge of language
    • 1 Language in use
      • 1.1 A usage event
      • 1.2 The relationship between usage and linguistic structure
      • 1.3 Comprehension and production
      • 1.4 Context
      • 1.5 Frequency
    • 2 Cognitive Grammar
      • 2.1 Abstraction, schematisation and language use
      • 2.2 Schemas and their instantiations
      • 2.3 Partial sanction
      • 2.4 The non-reductive nature of schemas
      • 2.5 Frequency in schema formation
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 6 Language in use II: language change, and acquisition
    • 1 A usage-based approach to language change
      • 1.1 Historical linguistics and language change
      • 1.2 The utterance selection theory of language change
      • 1.3 The generalised theory of selection and the theory of utterance selection
      • 1.4 Causal mechanisms for language change
      • 1.5 Causal mechanisms of language stability and change
    • 2 The usage-based approach to language acquisition
      • 2.1 Empirical findings in language acquisition
      • 2.2 The cognitive view: sociocognitive mechanisms in language acquisition
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 7 Key topics in language science: formal versus cognitive linguistics
    • 1 Language origins and time depth
      • 1.1 The received view of human evolution
      • 1.2 How old is language?
      • 1.3 What motivated the rise of language?
      • 1.4 Stages in language evolution
    • 2 Language universals
      • 2.1 The Universal Grammar approach
      • 2.2 The cognitive linguistics approach
    • 3 Language acquisition
      • 3.1 The rise of the nativist approach to L1 acquisition
      • 3.2 The cognitive linguistics critique
    • 4 Modularity of mind
      • 4.1 Double dissociations
      • 4.2 Localisation of language
      • 4.3 The cognitive linguistics critique
    • 5 Semantic universals
      • 5.1 The semantic decomposition approach
      • 5.2 The cognitive linguistics critique
    • 6 Language and thought
      • 6.1 Strong versus weak versions of linguistic relativity
      • 6.2 The cognitive linguistics perspective
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
• Part II Conceptual Structure
  • 8 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to conceptual structure?
    • 1 Guiding principles
      • 1.1 Conceptual structure is embodied
      • 1.2 Semantic structure reflects conceptual structure
    • 2 Comparing and contrasting approaches to conceptual structure
      • 2.1 Two views of concepts and the mind
      • 2.2 The symbol grounding problem
      • 2.3 Evidence for the embodied cognition perspective
      • 2.4 Experiential realism
    • 3 Embodiment effects in semantic structure
      • 3.1 Types of embodiment effects
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 9 Image schemas and the origin of concepts
    • 1 The origin of concepts
      • 1.1 Perceptual meaning analysis
      • 1.2 The nature of a child’s first concepts
      • 1.3 The embodied basis of conceptual structure
    • 2 Image schema theory
      • 2.1 What is an image schema?
      • 2.2 An example
    • 3 Properties of image schemas
      • 3.1 Image schemas are pre-conceptual in origin
      • 3.2 An image schema can give rise to more specific concepts
      • 3.3 Image schemas derive from interaction with and observation of the world
      • 3.4 Image schemas are inherently meaningful
      • 3.5 Image schemas are analogue representations
      • 3.6 Image schemas can be internally complex
      • 3.7 Image schemas are not the same as mental images
      • 3.8 Image schemas are multimodal
      • 3.9 Image schemas are subject to transformations
      • 3.10 Image schemas can occur in clusters
      • 3.11 Image schemas underlie linguistic meaning
      • 3.12 Image schemas give rise to abstract thought
      • 3.13 A partial list of image schemas
    • 4 Refining image schema theory
      • 4.1 Spatial primitives
      • 4.2 Image schemas
      • 4.3 Schematic integrations
    • 5 Mimetic schemas
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 10 Cognitive Semantics
    • 1 Semantic structure
    • 2 The configuration of SPACE and TIME
      • 2.1 TIME versus SPACE
      • 2.2 Conceptual alternativity
    • 3 Schematic systems
      • 3.1 The Configurational Structure System
      • 3.2 The Attentional System
      • 3.3 The Perspectival System
      • 3.4 The Force-Dynamics System
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 11 Categorisation and idealised cognitive models
    • 1 A new approach to categorisation and the development of cognitive linguistics
    • 2 The classical theory
      • 2.1 The definitional problem
      • 2.2 The problem of conceptual fuzziness
      • 2.3 The problem of prototypicality
      • 2.4 Further problems
    • 3 Prototype theory
      • 3.1 Principles of categorisation
      • 3.2 The categorisation system
      • 3.3 The vertical dimension
      • 3.4 The horizontal dimension
      • 3.5 Problems with prototype theory
    • 4 The theory of idealised cognitive models
      • 4.1 Sources of typicality effects
      • 4.2 How the theory of ICMs resolves problems with prototype theory
      • 4.3 The structure of ICMs
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 12 Conceptual metaphor theory
    • 1 Literal versus figurative language
      • 1.1 Literal and figurative language as complex concepts
      • 1.2 Can the distinction be maintained?
    • 2 What is metaphor?
      • 2.1 The traditional view
      • 2.2 Conceptual metaphor
    • 3 Conceptual metaphor theory
      • 3.1 The unidirectionality of metaphor
      • 3.2 Motivation for target and source
      • 3.3 Metaphorical entailments
      • 3.4 Metaphor systems
      • 3.5 Metaphors and image schemas
      • 3.6 Invariance
      • 3.7 The conceptual nature of metaphor
      • 3.8 Hiding and highlighting
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 13 Primary metaphors and conceptual metonymy
    • 1 A primary metaphor account of conceptual metaphors
      • 1.1 Three problems for conceptual metaphor theory
      • 1.2 Towards a decompositional account of conceptual metaphors
      • 1.3 Properties of primary conceptual metaphors
      • 1.4 Consequences of primary metaphor theory
    • 2 Conceptual metonymy
      • 2.1 What is metonymy?
      • 2.2 The conceptual basis of metonymy
      • 2.3 Conceptual metonymy as a domain highlighting operation
      • 2.4 Different metonymic phenomena
      • 2.5 Metonymy–metaphor interaction
      • 2.6 A typology of conceptual metonymy
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
• Part III Semantic Structure
  • 14 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to semantic structure?
    • 1 Guiding principles
      • 1.1 Semantic structure is encyclopaedic
      • 1.2 Meaning construction entails simulations
    • 2 Formal Semantics
      • 2.1 Meaning, truth and reality
      • 2.2 Truth-conditional semantics and formal linguistics
    • 3 Comparison with the cognitive linguistics approach to semantic structure
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 15 The encyclopaedic approach to semantic structure I: overview
    • 1 The dictionary view of linguistic meaning
      • 1.1 The characteristics of the dictionary view
      • 1.2 A case study in pragmatics: relevance theory
      • 1.3 Problems with the dictionary view
    • 2 The encyclopaedic view of linguistic meaning
      • 2.1 No principled distinction between semantics and pragmatics
      • 2.2 Encyclopaedic knowledge is structured
      • 2.3 There is a distinction between encyclopaedic knowledge and contextual information
      • 2.4 Lexical expressions facilitate access to encyclopaedic knowledge
      • 2.5 Encyclopaedic knowledge is dynamic
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 16 The encyclopaedic approach to semantic structure II: two theories
    • 1 Frame Semantics
      • 1.1 What is a semantic frame?
      • 1.2 Frames in cognitive psychology
      • 1.3 The COMMERCIAL EVENT frame
      • 1.4 Speech event frames
      • 1.5 Consequences of adopting a frame-based model
    • 2 Cognitive Grammar and the theory of domains
      • 2.1 What is a domain?
      • 2.2 Basic versus abstract domains
      • 2.3 Other characteristics of domains
      • 2.4 Deploying domains in the service of linguistically mediated meaning
      • 2.5 Construal
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 17 Network approaches to semantic structure
    • 1 Lexical versus compositional semantics: a false dichotomy
      • 1.1 Word meaning is protean in nature
      • 1.2 The conceptual nature of meaning construction
      • 1.3 Grammatical constructions are independently meaningful
    • 2 Words as radial categories
      • 2.1 The nature of polysemy
      • 2.2 The polysemy approach to over
      • 2.3 Lakoff ’s full-specification approach
      • 2.4 Problems with the full-specification approach
      • 2.5 The Principled Polysemy approach
      • 2.6 Criticisms of principled polysemy
    • 3 Langacker’s network conception
      • 3.1 Schemas versus instances
      • 3.2 The network model
      • 3.3 Polysemy in the network model
    • 4 The importance of context for polysemy
      • 4.1 Usage context: subsenses
      • 4.2 Sentential context: facets
      • 4.3 Knowledge context: ways of seeing
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 18 Access Semantics and meaning construction
    • 1 Design features for meaning construction
      • 1.1 Language employs two qualitatively distinct types of reference
      • 1.2 Semantic structure, encoded by linguistic referential vehicles, relates to knowledge of two qualitatively distinct types
    • 2 The linguistic focus hypothesis
    • 3 The architecture of Access Semantics
      • 3.1 Semantic representation in Access Semantics
      • 3.2 The cognitive model profile
      • 3.3 Semantic composition
      • 3.4 Interpretation
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 19 Mental spaces and discourse meaning
    • 1 Key assumptions of mental spaces theory
      • 1.1 Formal Semantics revisited
      • 1.2 The nature of meaning in mental spaces theory
      • 1.3 An overview of mental spaces theory
    • 2 The architecture of mental space construction
      • 2.1 Space builders
      • 2.2 Elements
      • 2.3 Properties and relations
      • 2.4 Mental space lattices
      • 2.5 Counterparts and connectors
      • 2.6 The Access Principle
      • 2.7 Roles and values
    • 3 An illustration of mental space construction
    • 4 The dynamic nature of meaning construction
      • 4.1 Tense and aspect in English
      • 4.2 The tense–aspect system in mental spaces theory
      • 4.3 Epistemic distance
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 20 Conceptual blending and semantic creativity
    • 1 The origins of blending theory
      • 1.1 Problem 1: metaphor
      • 1.2 Problem 2: counterfactual disanalogies
    • 2 Towards a theory of conceptual integration
      • 2.1 The nature of integration networks
      • 2.2 That surgeon is a butcher: the blending theory account
      • 2.3 Bill Clinton as French President: the blending theory account
    • 3 The nature of blending
      • 3.1 The elements of conceptual blending
      • 3.2 Further linguistic examples
    • 4 Vital relations and compressions
      • 4.1 Vital relations
      • 4.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions
      • 4.3 Disintegration and decompression
    • 5 A taxonomy of integration networks
      • 5.1 Simplex networks
      • 5.2 Mirror networks
      • 5.3 Single-scope networks
      • 5.4 Double-scope networks
    • 6 Multiple blending
    • 7 Constraining blending theory
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
• Part IV Grammar
  • 21 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to grammar?
    • 1 Guiding principles
      • 1.1 The symbolic thesis
      • 1.2 The usage-based thesis
    • 2 Formal approaches to grammar
      • 2.1 Background: the rise of Transformational Grammar
      • 2.2 Assumptions of Transformational Grammar
      • 2.3 The nature of Transformational Grammar
    • 3 Comparison with cognitive linguistics approaches to grammar
      • 3.1 Lexicon–grammar continuum versus autonomous syntax
      • 3.2 Inventory versus derivational system
      • 3.3 The status of constructions
      • 3.4 Schemas versus rules
      • 3.5 Redundancy versus economy
      • 3.6 Conventionality versus regularity
      • 3.7 ‘Scaffolding’ versus ‘building blocks’
      • 3.8 Constraints on models of grammar
      • 3.9 Sanctioning and grammaticality
      • 3.10 Emphasis on formalism
    • 4 Three cognitive linguistics approaches to grammar
      • 4.1 Cognitive Grammar
      • 4.2 Construction Grammars
      • 4.3 Cognitive linguistics theories of grammaticalisation
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 22 Cognitive Grammar I: lexical classes
    • 1 The semantic basis of word classes
    • 2 Nominal predications: nouns
      • 2.1 Bounding
      • 2.2 Homogeneity versus heterogeneity
      • 2.3 Expansibility and contractibility versus replicability
      • 2.4 Abstract nouns
    • 3 Nominal versus relational predications
    • 4 Relational predications: temporal versus atemporal relations
      • 4.1 Temporal relations: verbs
      • 4.2 Atemporal relations
    • 5 Lexical classes: an overview
    • 6 Nominal grounding predications
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 23 Cognitive Grammar II: constructions
    • 1 Constituency in symbolic units
    • 2 Phrases as constructions
      • 2.1 Heads and dependents
      • 2.2 Correspondence
      • 2.3 Profile determinacy
      • 2.4 Conceptual autonomy versus conceptual dependence
      • 2.5 Constituency
      • 2.6 The prototypical grammatical construction
    • 3 Words as constructions
      • 3.1 Phonological autonomy and dependence
      • 3.2 Semantic autonomy and dependence
      • 3.3 Prototypical stems and affixes
      • 3.4 Composite structure
      • 3.5 Constructional schemas
      • 3.6 An example: agreement
    • 4 Clauses as constructions
      • 4.1 Valence at the clause level
      • 4.2 Grammatical functions and transitivity
      • 4.3 Case
      • 4.4 Marked coding: the passive construction
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 24 Cognitive Grammar III: the verb string
    • 1 English verbs: a brief overview
    • 2 The clausal head and the grounding predication
    • 3 The clausal head
      • 3.1 The clausal head complex
      • 3.2 The passive construction: [be₂ [PERF₃ [V]]]
      • 3.3 The progressive construction: [be₁ [-ing [V]]]
      • 3.4 The perfect construction: [have [PERF₄ [V]]]
    • 4 The clausal grounding predication
      • 4.1 Grounding: a recap
      • 4.2 The epistemic model
      • 4.3 Modality revisited
      • 4.4 Potential and projected reality
    • 5 Lexical aspect
      • 5.1 Situation types: an overview
      • 5.2 Perfective and imperfective PROCESSES
      • 5.3 Aspect and the count/mass distinction
      • 5.4 Situation types: Cognitive Grammar compared to Vendler (1967)
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 25 Construction Grammar I: accounting for irregularity in grammar
    • 1 Towards a typology of idiomatic expressions
      • 1.1 Decoding and encoding idioms
      • 1.2 Grammatical versus extragrammatical idioms
      • 1.3 Substantive versus formal idioms
      • 1.4 Idioms with and without pragmatic point
      • 1.5 Familiar pieces familiarly arranged
      • 1.6 Familiar pieces unfamiliarly arranged
      • 1.7 Unfamiliar pieces familiarly arranged
      • 1.8 Unfamiliar pieces unfamiliarly arranged
      • 1.9 Overall evaluation
    • 2 Two case studies
      • 2.1 The let alone construction
      • 2.2 The what’s X doing Y construction
    • 3 The architecture of Construction Grammar
      • 3.1 Construction Grammar: an overview
      • 3.2 The status of the ‘construction’ in Construction Grammar
      • 3.3 Compositionality in Construction Grammar
      • 3.4 Construction Grammar as usage-based theory
    • 4 Comparing Construction Grammar with Cognitive Grammar
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 26 Construction Grammar II: accounting for generalisations in grammar
    • 1 Towards a constructional account of argument structure constructions
      • 1.1 Assumptions
      • 1.2 Defining a construction
      • 1.3 Advantages of a constructional approach to verb–argument structure
    • 2 The relationship between verbs and constructions
      • 2.1 What is the nature of verb meaning?
      • 2.2 What is the nature of constructional meaning?
      • 2.3 When can a given verb occur in a given construction?
      • 2.4 Argument roles
      • 2.5 Constructional profiling
      • 2.6 Fusion
    • 3 Relationships between constructions
      • 3.1 Polysemy links
      • 3.2 Subpart links
      • 3.3 Instance links
      • 3.4 Metaphorical extension links
    • 4 Three constructions
      • 4.1 The English ditransitive construction (X CAUSES Y TO RECEIVE Z)
      • 4.2 The English caused motion construction (X CAUSES Y TO MOVE Z)
      • 4.3 The English resultative construction
    • 5 Other Construction Grammar approaches
      • 5.1 Radical Construction Grammar
      • 5.2 Embodied Construction Grammar
    • 6 Comparing constructional approaches to grammar
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 27 The evolution of grammar
    • 1 The nature of grammaticalisation
      • 1.1 Form change
      • 1.2 Meaning change
    • 2 Metaphorical extension approaches
      • 2.1 The evolution of grammatical concepts
      • 2.2 Metaphorical extension
      • 2.3 The grammaticalisation continuum
      • 2.4 The role of discourse context
      • 2.5 The microstructure and macrostructure of grammaticalisation
      • 2.6 Case study I: OBJECT-TO-SPACE
      • 2.7 Case study II: SPACE-TO-POSSESSION
    • 3 Invited inferencing theory
      • 3.1 From invited inference to coded meaning
      • 3.2 Subjectification
      • 3.3 Intersubjectification
      • 3.4 The status of metaphor in invited inferencing theory
      • 3.5 Case study: the evolution of must
    • 4 The subjectification approach
      • 4.1 The nature of subjectification
      • 4.2 Case study I: be going to
      • 4.3 Case study II: the evolution of auxiliaries from verbs of motion or posture
    • 5 Comparison of the three approaches: be going to
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
• Part V Applications and Extensions of Cognitive Linguistics
  • 28 Language, society and discourse
    • 1 Rethinking cognitive linguistics socially
      • 1.1 Joint action, coordination and convention
      • 1.2 Linguistic symbols and common ground
      • 1.3 Encyclopaedic meaning and shared meaning
      • 1.4 Meaning as construal and construal for communication
    • 2 Meaning and social reality
      • 2.1 Levels of meaning: competency versus affordances
      • 2.2 Types of meaning construction
      • 2.3 Properties of social constructions
    • 3 Cognitive sociolinguistics
      • 3.1 What is the nature of cognitive sociolinguistics?
      • 3.2 A case study: cognitive dialectology
    • 4 Cognitive critical discourse analysis
      • 4.1 From CDA to cognitive CDA
      • 4.2 A case study: critical metaphor analysis
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 29 Text, narrative and literature
    • 1 Narrative
      • 1.1 Towards a theory of narrative in human cognition
      • 1.2 The literary mind
    • 2 Cognitive poetics
      • 2.1 The foci of cognitive poetics
      • 2.2 The nature of literariness
      • 2.3 Prototypicality in literature
      • 2.4 Cognitive poetic applications
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
  • 30 Gesture and sign language
    • 1 The nature of gesture
      • 1.1 Classifying gestures
      • 1.2 Why we gesture
    • 2 Gestural studies in cognitive linguistics
      • 2.1 Image schemas
      • 2.2 Conceptual metaphor
      • 2.3 Conceptual metonymy
      • 2.4 Mental spaces and blending
      • 2.5 Construal, framing and perspective
    • 3 Sign language studies in cognitive linguistics
      • 3.1 Articulatory parallels between spoken and signed languages
      • 3.2 Cognitive iconicity
      • 3.3 Metaphor
      • 3.4 Metonymy
      • 3.5 Mental spaces and blending
    • 4 Implications of cognitive approaches to gesture and sign languages
    • Summary
    • Further reading
    • Discussion questions
• References
• Index

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