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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Organization and New Content
• Featured Figures
• Acknowledgments
• Brief Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
  • Overview Inquiring About Life
  • Concept 1.1 The study of life reveals unifying themes
    • Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
    • Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
    • Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
    • Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
  • Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
    • Classifying the Diversity of Life
    • Unity in the Diversity of Life
    • Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
    • The Tree of Life
  • Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
    • Exploration and Discovery
    • Gathering and Analyzing Data
    • Forming and Testing Hypotheses
    • The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
    • A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
    • Variables and Controls in Experiments
    • Theories in Science
    • Science as a Social Process
• Unit 1 Chemistry and Cells
  • 2 The Chemical Context of Life
    • Overview The Importance of Chemistry to Life
    • Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
      • Elements and Compounds
      • The Elements of Life
      • Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements
    • Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
      • Subatomic Particles
      • Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
      • Isotopes
      • The Energy Levels of Electrons
      • Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
    • Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
      • Covalent Bonds
      • Ionic Bonds
      • Weak Chemical Interactions
      • Molecular Shape and Function
    • Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
    • Concept 2.5 Hydrogen bonding gives water properties that help make life possible on Earth
      • Cohesion of Water Molecules
      • Moderation of Temperature by Water
      • Floating of Ice on Liquid Water
      • Water: The Solvent of Life
      • Acids and Bases
  • 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
    • Overview Carbon Compounds and Life
    • Concept 3.1 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
      • The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
      • Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons
      • The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life
      • ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
    • Concept 3.2 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
      • The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
      • The Diversity of Polymers
    • Concept 3.3 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
      • Sugars
      • Polysaccharides
    • Concept 3.4 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
      • Fats
      • Phospholipids
      • Steroids
    • Concept 3.5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
      • Amino Acid Monomers
      • Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers)
      • Protein Structure and Function
    • Concept 3.6 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
      • The Roles of Nucleic Acids
      • The Components of Nucleic Acids
      • Nucleotide Polymers
      • The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
    • Concept 3.7 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
      • DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
  • 4 A Tour of the Cell
    • Overview The Fundamental Units of Life
    • Concept 4.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
      • Microscopy
      • Cell Fractionation
    • Concept 4.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
      • Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
    • Concept 4.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out b
      • The Nucleus: Information Central
      • Ribosomes: Protein Factories
    • Concept 4.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
      • The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
      • The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
      • Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
      • Vacuoles: Diverse Compartments
      • The Endomembrane System: A Review
    • Concept 4.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
      • The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
      • Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
      • Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
      • Peroxisomes: Oxidation
    • Concept 4.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the
      • Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
      • Components of the Cytoskeleton
    • Concept 4.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activiti
      • Cell Walls of Plants
      • The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
      • Cell Junctions
    • Concept 4.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
  • 5 Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
    • Overview Life at the Edge
    • Concept 5.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
      • The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
      • Transport Proteins
    • Concept 5.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investmen
      • Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
    • Concept 5.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
      • The Need for Energy in Active Transport
      • How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
      • Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
    • Concept 5.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
      • Exocytosis
      • Endocytosis
    • Concept 5.6 The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling
      • Local and Long-Distance Signaling
      • The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A preview
      • Reception, the Binding of a Signaling Molecule to a Receptor Protein
      • Transduction by Cascades of Molecular Interactions
      • Response: Regulation of Transcription or Cytoplasmic Activities
  • 6 Introduction to Metabolism
    • Overview The Energy of Life
    • Concept 6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
      • Metabolic Pathways
      • Forms of Energy
      • The Laws of Energy Transformation
    • Concept 6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontan
      • Free-Energy Change (DG), Stability, and Equilibrium
      • Free Energy and Metabolism
    • Concept 6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
      • The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
      • How ATP Provides Energy that Performs Work
      • The Regeneration of ATP
    • Concept 6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
      • The Activation Energy Barrier
      • How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions
      • Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
      • Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site
      • Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity
      • The Evolution of Enzymes
    • Concept 6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
      • Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
      • Organization of Enzymes Within the Cell
  • 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
    • Overview Life Is Work
    • Concept 7.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
      • Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
      • Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
      • The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
    • Concept 7.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
    • Concept 7.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation
    • Concept 7.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthes
      • The Pathway of Electron Transport
      • Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
      • An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
    • Concept 7.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of ox
      • Types of Fermentation
      • Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
      • The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
    • Concept 7.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
      • The Versatility of Catabolism
      • Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
  • 8 Photosynthesis
    • Overview The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
    • Concept 8.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
      • Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
      • Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis
      • The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
    • Concept 8.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
      • The Nature of Sunlight
      • Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
      • Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
      • A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
      • Linear Electron Flow
      • A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
    • Concept 8.3 The calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
      • Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates
    • Concept 8.4 Life depends on photosynthesis
  • 9 The Cell Cycle
    • Overview The Key Roles of Cell Division
    • Concept 9.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
      • Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
      • Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
    • Concept 9.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
      • Phases of the Cell Cycle
      • The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
      • Cytokinesis: A Closer Look
      • Binary Fission in Bacteria
      • The Evolution of Mitosis
    • Concept 9.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
      • Evidence for Cytoplasmic Signals
      • Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle Control System
      • Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells
• Unit 2 Genetics
  • 10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
    • Overview Variations on a Theme
    • Concept 10.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
      • Inheritance of Genes
      • Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
    • Concept 10.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
      • Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells
      • Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle
      • The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles
    • Concept 10.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
      • The Stages of Meiosis
      • Crossing over and Synapsis During Prophase
      • A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
    • Concept 10.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
      • Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring
      • The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations
  • 11 Mendel and the Gene Idea
    • Overview Drawing from the Deck of Genes
    • Concept 11.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
      • Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach
      • The Law of Segregation
      • The Law of Independent Assortment
    • Concept 11.2 Probability laws govern mendelian inheritance
      • The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses
      • Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
    • Concept 11.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple mendelian genetics
      • Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene
      • Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes
      • Nature and Nurture: the Environmental Impact on Phenotype
      • A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation
    • Concept 11.4 Many human traits follow mendelian patterns of inheritance
      • Pedigree Analysis
      • Recessively Inherited Disorders
      • Dominantly Inherited Disorders
      • Multifactorial Disorders
      • Genetic Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics
  • 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
    • Overview Locating Genes Along Chromosomes
    • Concept 12.1 Morgan showed that mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chro
      • Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism
      • Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair
    • Concept 12.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
      • The Chromosomal Basis of Sex
      • Inheritance of X-Linked Genes
      • X Inactivation in Female Mammals
    • Concept 12.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on
      • How Linkage Affects Inheritance
      • Genetic Recombination and Linkage
      • Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry
    • Concept 12.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
      • Abnormal Chromosome Number
      • Alterations of Chromosome Structure
      • Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations
  • 13 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
    • Overview Life’s Operating Instructions
    • Concept 13.1 DNA is the genetic material
      • The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry
      • Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry
    • Concept 13.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
      • The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template Strand
      • DNA Replication: A Closer Look
      • Proofreading and Repairing DNA
      • Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides
      • Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules
    • Concept 13.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
    • Concept 13.4 Understanding DNA structure and replication makes genetic engineering possible
      • DNA Cloning: Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment
      • Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA Plasmid
      • Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its Use in Cloning
      • DNA Sequencing
      • Editing Genes and Genomes
  • 14 Gene Expression: From Gene To Protein
    • Overview The Flow of Genetic Information
    • Concept 14.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
      • Evidence from Studying Metabolic Defects
      • Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
      • The Genetic Code
    • Concept 14.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
      • Molecular Components of Transcription
      • Synthesis of an RNA Transcript
    • Concept 14.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
      • Alteration of mRNA Ends
      • Split Genes and RNA Splicing
    • Concept 14.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A Closer Look
      • Molecular Components of Translation
      • Building a Polypeptide
      • Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein
      • Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
    • Concept 14.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
      • Types of Small-Scale Mutations
      • New Mutations and Mutagens
      • What Is a Gene? Revisiting the Question
  • 15 Regulation of Gene Expression
    • Overview Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder
    • Concept 15.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
      • Differential Gene Expression
      • Regulation of Transcription Initiation
      • Regulation of Chromatin Structure
      • Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation
    • Concept 15.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
      • Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs
      • Chromatin Remodeling and Effects on Transcription by Noncoding RNAs
    • Concept 15.4 Researchers can monitor expression of specific genes
      • Studying the Expression of Single Genes
      • Studying the Expression of Groups of Genes
  • 16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
    • Overview Orchestrating Life’s Processes
    • Concept 16.1 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multic
      • A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development
      • Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals
      • Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular Differentiation
      • Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan
      • Genetic Analysis of Early Development: Scientific Inquiry
    • Concept 16.2 Cloning of organisms showed that differentiated cells could be “reprogrammed” and u
      • Cloning Plants: Single-Cell Cultures
      • Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation
      • Stem Cells of Animals
    • Concept 16.3 Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
      • Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
      • Interference with Cell-Signaling Pathways
      • The Multistep Model of Cancer Development
      • Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors Contributing to Cancer
  • 17 Viruses
    • Overview A Borrowed Life
    • Concept 17.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
      • Viral Genomes
      • Capsids and Envelopes
    • Concept 17.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
      • General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles
      • Replicative Cycles of Phages
      • Bacterial Defenses Against Phages
      • Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses
      • Evolution of Viruses
    • Concept 17.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
      • Viral Diseases in Animals
      • Emerging Viruses
      • Viral Diseases in Plants
      • Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents
  • 18 Genomes and Their Evolution
    • Overview Mining the Genome
    • Concept 18.1 The human genome project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing tech
    • Concept 18.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
      • Centralized Resources for Analyzing Genome Sequences
      • Understanding the Functions of Protein-Coding Genes
      • Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level
    • Concept 18.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
      • Genome Size
      • Number of Genes
      • Gene Density and Noncoding DNA
    • Concept 18.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
      • Transposable Elements and Related Sequences
      • Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence DNA
      • Genes and Multigene Families
    • Concept 18.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
      • Duplication of Entire Chromosome Sets
      • Alterations of Chromosome Structure
      • Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of Dna
      • Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling
      • How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome Evolution
    • Concept 18.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
      • Comparing Genomes
      • Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals
• Unit 3 Evolution
  • 19 Descent with Modification
    • Overview Endless Forms Most Beautiful
    • Concept 19.1 The darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young earth inhabited by unc
      • Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
      • Ideas About Change over Time
      • Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
    • Concept 19.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms an
      • Darwin’s Research
      • The Voyage of the Beagle
      • Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
      • Ideas from The Origin of Species
      • Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
    • Concept 19.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
      • Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
      • Homology
      • The Fossil Record
      • Biogeography
      • What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life?
  • 20 Phylogeny
    • Overview Investigating the Evolutionary History of Life
    • Concept 20.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
      • Binomial Nomenclature
      • Hierarchical Classification
      • Linking Classification and Phylogeny
      • What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
      • Applying Phylogenies
    • Concept 20.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
      • Morphological and Molecular Homologies
      • Sorting Homology from Analogy
      • Evaluating Molecular Homologies
    • Concept 20.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
      • Cladistics
      • Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
      • Maximum Parsimony
      • Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
    • Concept 20.4 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
      • Molecular Clocks
      • Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of Hiv
    • Concept 20.5 New information continues to revise our understanding of evolutionary history
      • From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
      • The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
  • 21 The Evolution of Populations
    • Overview The Smallest Unit of Evolution
    • Concept 21.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
      • Genetic Variation
      • Sources of Genetic Variation
    • Concept 21.2 The hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
      • Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
      • The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
    • Concept 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a popul
      • Natural Selection
      • Genetic Drift
      • Gene Flow
    • Concept 21.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
      • Natural Selection: A Closer Look
      • The Key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
      • Balancing Selection
      • Sexual Selection
      • Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
  • 22 The Origin of Species
    • Overview That “Mystery of Mysteries”
    • Concept 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
      • The Biological Species Concept
      • Other Definitions of Species
    • Concept 22.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
      • Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
      • Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
      • Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
    • Concept 22.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
      • Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
      • Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
      • Hybrid Zones over Time
    • Concept 22.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
      • The Time Course of Speciation
      • Studying the Genetics of Speciation
      • From Speciation to Macroevolution
  • 23 Broad Patterns of Evolution
    • Overview A Surprise in the Desert
    • Concept 23.1 The fossil record documents life’s history
      • The Fossil Record
      • How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
      • Fossils Frame the Geologic Record
      • The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
    • Concept 23.2 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extincti
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Mass Extinctions
      • Adaptive Radiations
    • Concept 23.3 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of d
      • Effects of Developmental Genes
      • The Evolution of Development
    • Concept 23.4 Evolution is not goal oriented
      • Evolutionary Novelties
      • Evolutionary Trends
• Unit 4 The Evolutionary History of Life
  • 24 Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes
    • Overview The First Cells
    • Concept 24.1 Conditions on early earth made the origin of life possible
      • Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
      • Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
      • Protocells
      • Self-Replicating RNA
      • Fossil Evidence of Early Life
    • Concept 24.2 Diverse structural and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
      • Cell-Surface Structures
      • Motility
      • Internal Organization and DNA
      • Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations
      • Reproduction
      • Adaptations of Prokaryotes: A Summary
    • Concept 24.3 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in pr
      • Rapid Reproduction and Mutation
      • Genetic Recombination
    • Concept 24.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
      • An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity
      • Bacteria
      • Archaea
    • Concept 24.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
      • Chemical Recycling
      • Ecological Interactions
      • Impact on Humans
  • 25 The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
    • Overview Shape Changers
    • Concept 25.1 Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago
      • The Fossil Record of Early Eukaryotes
      • Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
    • Concept 25.2 Multicellularity has originated several times in eukaryotes
      • Multicellular Colonies
      • Independent Origins of Complex Multicellularity
      • Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals
    • Concept 25.3 Four “supergroups” of eukaryotes have been proposed based on morphological and mole
      • Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
      • Excavates
      • SAR: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians
      • Archaeplastids
      • Unikonts
    • Concept 25.4 Single-Celled eukaryotes play key roles in ecological communities and affect human heal
      • Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
      • Photosynthetic Protists
      • Symbiotic Protists
      • Effects on Human Health
  • 26 The Colonization of Land
    • Overview The Greening of Earth
    • Concept 26.1 Fossils show that plants colonized land more than 470 million years ago
      • Evidence of Algal Ancestry
      • Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
      • Derived Traits of Plants
      • Early Plants
    • Concept 26.2 Though not closely related to plants, fungi played a key role in the colonization of la
      • The Origin of Fungi
      • Fungal Adaptations for Life on Land
      • Diversification of Fungi
    • Concept 26.3 Early plants radiated into a diverse set of lineages
      • Bryophytes: A Collection of Basal Plant Lineages
      • Seedless Vascular Plants: The First Plants to Grow Tall
    • Concept 26.4 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
      • Terrestrial Adaptations in Seed Plants
      • Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms
      • The Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms
    • Concept 26.5 Plants and fungi fundamentally changed chemical cycling and biotic interactions
      • Physical Environment and Chemical Cycling
      • Biotic Interactions
  • 27 The Rise of Animal Diversity
    • Overview Life Becomes Dangerous
    • Concept 27.1 Animals originated more than 700 million years ago
      • Fossil and Molecular Evidence
      • Early-Diverging Animal Groups
    • Concept 27.2 The diversity of large animals increased dramatically during the “Cambrian explosion
      • Evolutionary Change in the Cambrian Explosion
      • Dating the Origin of Bilaterians
    • Concept 27.3 Diverse animal groups radiated in aquatic environments
      • Animal Body Plans
      • The Diversification of Animals
      • Bilaterian Radiation I: Diverse Invertebrates
    • Concept 27.4 Vertebrates have been the ocean’s dominant predators for more than 400 million years
      • Bilaterian Radiation Ii: Aquatic Vertebrates
      • Summary: Effects of Bilaterian Radiations I and Ii
    • Concept 27.5 Several animal groups had features facilitating their colonization of land
      • Early Land Animals
      • Colonization of Land by Arthropods
      • Terrestrial Vertebrates
    • Concept 27.6 Amniotes have key adaptations for life in a wide range of terrestrial environments
      • Terrestrial Adaptations in Amniotes
      • The Origin and Radiation of Amniotes
      • Human Evolution
    • Concept 27.7 Animals have transformed ecosystems and altered the course of evolution
      • Ecological Effects of Animals
      • Evolutionary Effects of Animals
• Unit 5 Plant Form and Function
  • 28 Vascular Plant Structure and Growth
    • Overview Beauty Through Repetition
    • Concept 28.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
      • The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
      • Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissue
      • Common Types of Plant Cells
    • Concept 28.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
      • Gene Expression and Control of Cell Differentiation
      • Meristematic Control of the Transition to Flowering and the Life Spans of Plants
    • Concept 28.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
      • Primary Growth of Roots
      • Primary Growth of Shoots
    • Concept 28.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
      • The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue
      • The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm
  • 29 Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants
    • Overview A Whole Lot of Shaking Going on
    • Concept 29.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
      • Shoot Architecture and Light Capture
      • Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals
    • Concept 29.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
      • The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums
      • Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes
      • Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes
      • Long-Distance Transport: the Role of Bulk Flow
    • Concept 29.3 Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
      • Macronutrients and Micronutrients
      • Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency
      • Soil Management
      • The Living, Complex Ecosystem of Soil
    • Concept 29.4 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
      • Bacteria and Plant Nutrition
      • Fungi and Plant Nutrition
      • Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants
    • Concept 29.5 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the x
      • Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells
      • Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem
      • Bulk Flow Transport Via the Xylem
      • Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review
    • Concept 29.6 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
      • Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss
      • Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing
      • Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing
      • Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
      • Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss
    • Concept 29.7 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
      • Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks
      • Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: the Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms
  • 30 Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants
    • Overview Getting Hooked
    • Concept 30.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cy
      • Flower Structure and Function
      • Flower Formation
      • The Angiosperm Life Cycle: an Overview
      • Pollination: A Closer Look
      • Seed Development and Structure
      • Germination, Growth, and Flowering
      • Fruit Structure and Function
    • Concept 30.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
      • Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
      • Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
      • Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture
    • Concept 30.3 People modify crops through breeding and genetic engineering
      • Plant Breeding
      • Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
      • The Debate over Plant Biotechnology
  • 31 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
    • Overview Stimuli and a Stationary Life
    • Concept 31.1 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
      • The Discovery of Plant Hormones
      • A Survey of Plant Hormones
    • Concept 31.2 Responses to light are critical for plant success
      • Photomorphogenesis
      • Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms
      • Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons
    • Concept 31.3 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
      • Gravity
      • Mechanical Stimuli
      • Environmental Stresses
    • Concept 31.4 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
      • Defenses Against Herbivores
      • Defenses Against Pathogens
• Unit 6 Animal Form and Function
  • 32 The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation
    • Overview Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
    • Concept 32.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
    • Concept 32.2 The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal ph
      • An Overview of Coordination and Control
      • Endocrine Glands and Hormones
      • Regulation of Endocrine Signaling
      • Simple Endocrine Pathways
      • Neuroendocrine Signaling
      • Hormone Solubility
      • Multiple Effects of Hormones
    • Concept 32.3 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
      • Regulating and Conforming
      • Homeostasis
      • Thermoregulation: A Closer Look
    • Concept 32.4 A shared system mediates osmoregulation and excretion in many animals
      • Osmosis and Osmolarity
      • Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
      • Nitrogenous Wastes
      • Excretory Processes
    • Concept 32.5 The mammalian kidney’s ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation
      • From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
      • Concentrating Urine in the Mammalian Kidney
      • Adaptations of the Vertebrate Kidney to Diverse Environments
      • Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
  • 33 Animal Nutrition
    • Overview The Need to Feed
    • Concept 33.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential
      • Essential Nutrients
      • Dietary Deficiencies
    • Concept 33.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
      • Digestive Compartments
    • Concept 33.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestiv
      • The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
      • Digestion in the Stomach
      • Digestion in the Small Intestine
      • Absorption in the Small Intestine
      • Processing in the Large Intestine
    • Concept 33.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
      • Dental Adaptations
      • Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
      • Mutualistic Adaptations in Humans
      • Mutualistic Adaptations in Herbivores
    • Concept 33.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy allocation, and appetite
      • Regulation of Digestion
      • Energy Allocation
      • Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
  • 34 Circulation and Gas Exchange
    • Overview Trading Places
    • Concept 34.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
      • Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
      • Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
    • Concept 34.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
      • Mammalian Circulation
      • The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
      • Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
    • Concept 34.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vess
      • Blood Vessel Structure and Function
      • Blood Flow Velocity
      • Blood Pressure
      • Capillary Function
      • Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
    • Concept 34.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
      • Blood Composition and Function
      • Cardiovascular Disease
    • Concept 34.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
      • Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
      • Respiratory Media
      • Respiratory Surfaces
      • Gills in Aquatic Animals
      • Tracheal Systems in Insects
      • Lungs
    • Concept 34.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
      • How a Mammal Breathes
      • Control of Breathing in Humans
    • Concept 34.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
      • Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
      • Respiratory Pigments
      • Carbon Dioxide Transport
      • Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
  • 35 The Immune System
    • Overview Recognition and Response
    • Concept 35.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathoge
      • Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
      • Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
      • Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
    • Concept 35.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-Specific recognition
      • Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
      • Antigen Recognition by T Cells
      • B Cell and T Cell Development
    • Concept 35.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
      • Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
      • B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
      • Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
      • Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
      • Immunization
      • Active and Passive Immunity
      • Antibodies as Tools
      • Immune Rejection
      • Disruptions in Immune System Function
      • Cancer and Immunity
  • 36 Reproduction and Development
    • Overview Let Me Count the Ways
    • Concept 36.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
      • Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
      • Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
      • Reproductive Cycles
      • Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
      • External and Internal Fertilization
      • Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
    • Concept 36.2 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
      • Variation in Reproductive Systems
      • Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
      • Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
      • Gametogenesis
    • Concept 36.3 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
      • Biological Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation in Human Sexuality
      • Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
      • Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
      • Human Sexual Response
    • Concept 36.4 Development of an egg into a mature embryo requires fertilization, cleavage, gastrulati
      • Fertilization
      • Cleavage
      • Gastrulation
      • Conception, Cleavage, and Embryo Implantation in Humans
      • Embryonic Development in Humans
      • Fetal Development and Birth
      • Contraception
      • Infertility and in Vitro Fertilization
  • 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
    • overview Lines of Communication
    • Concept 37.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
      • Neuron Structure and Function
      • Introduction to Information Processing
    • Concept 37.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
      • Formation of the Resting Potential
      • Modeling the Resting Potential
    • Concept 37.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
      • Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
      • Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
      • Generation of Action Potentials:
      • Conduction of Action Potentials
    • Concept 37.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
      • Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
      • Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
      • Modulated Signaling at Synapses
      • Neurotransmitters
  • 38 Nervous and Sensory Systems
    • Overview Command and Control Center
    • Concept 38.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
      • Glia
      • Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
      • The Peripheral Nervous System
    • Concept 38.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
      • Functional Imaging of the Brain
      • Arousal and Sleep
      • Biological Clock Regulation
      • Emotions
      • The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
    • Concept 38.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
      • Language and Speech
      • Lateralization of Cortical Function
      • Information Processing
      • Frontal Lobe Function
      • Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
      • Neuronal Plasticity
      • Memory and Learning
      • Future Directions in Brain Research
    • Concept 38.4 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous
      • Sensory Reception and Transduction
      • Transmission
      • Perception
      • Amplification and Adaptation
      • Types of Sensory Receptors
    • Concept 38.5 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
      • Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
      • Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
    • Concept 38.6 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
      • Evolution of Visual Perception
      • The Vertebrate Visual System
  • 39 Motor Mechanisms and Behavior
    • Overview The How and Why of Animal Activity
    • Concept 39.1 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
      • Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
      • Other Types of Vertebrate Muscle
    • Concept 39.2 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
      • Types of Skeletal Systems
      • Types of Locomotion
    • Concept 39.3 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
      • Fixed Action Patterns
      • Migration
      • Behavioral Rhythms
      • Animal Signals and Communication
    • Concept 39.4 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
      • Experience and Behavior
      • Learning
    • Concept 39.5 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behavior
      • Evolution of Foraging Behavior
      • Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
    • Concept 39.6 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the
      • Genetic Basis of Behavior
      • Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Behavior
      • Altruism
      • Inclusive Fitness
• Unit 7 Ecology
  • 40 Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
    • Overview Discovering Ecology
    • Concept 40.1 Earth’s climate influences the distribution of terrestrial biomes
      • Global Climate Patterns
      • Regional and Local Effects on Climate
      • Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
      • General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
    • Concept 40.2 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of earth
    • Concept 40.3 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
      • Dispersal and Distribution
      • Biotic Factors
      • Abiotic Factors
    • Concept 40.4 Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
      • Density and Dispersion
      • Demographics
    • Concept 40.5 The exponential and logistic models describe the growth of populations
      • Changes in Population Size
      • Exponential Growth
      • Carrying Capacity
      • The Logistic Growth Model
      • The Logistic Model and Real Populations
    • Concept 40.6 Population dynamics are influenced strongly by life history traits and population densi
      • “Trade-Offs” and Life Histories
      • Population Change and Population Density
      • Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
      • Population Dynamics
  • 41 Ecological Communities
    • Overview Communities in Motion
    • Concept 41.1 Interactions between species may help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals invol
      • Competition
      • Exploitation
      • Positive Interactions
    • Concept 41.2 Biological communities can be characterized by their diversity and trophic structure
      • Species Diversity
      • Diversity and Community Stability
      • Trophic Structure
      • Species with a Large Impact
      • Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls
    • Concept 41.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
      • Characterizing Disturbance
      • Ecological Succession
      • Human Disturbance
    • Concept 41.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
      • Latitudinal Gradients
      • Area Effects
    • Concept 41.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
      • Effects on Community Structure
      • Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases
  • 42 Ecosystems and Energy
    • Overview Transformed to Tundra
    • Concept 42.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
      • Conservation of Energy
      • Conservation of Mass
      • Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
    • Concept 42.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
      • Ecosystem Energy Budgets
      • Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems
      • Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems
    • Concept 42.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
      • Production Efficiency
      • Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
    • Concept 42.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
      • Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates
      • Biogeochemical Cycles
      • Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
    • Concept 42.5 Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
      • Bioremediation
      • Biological Augmentation
      • Ecosystems: A Review
  • 43 Conservation Biology and Global Change
    • Overview Psychedelic Treasure
    • Concept 43.1 Human activities threaten earth’s biodiversity
      • Three Levels of Biodiversity
      • Biodiversity and Human Welfare
      • Threats to Biodiversity
    • Concept 43.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical hab
      • Small-Population Approach
      • Declining-Population Approach
      • Weighing Conflicting Demands
    • Concept 43.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
      • Landscape Structure and Biodiversity
      • Establishing Protected Areas
    • Concept 43.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
      • Nutrient Enrichment
      • Toxins in the Environment
      • Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
    • Concept 43.5 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
      • The Global Human Population
      • Global Carrying Capacity
    • Concept 43.6 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
      • Sustainable Development
      • The Future of the Biosphere
• Appendix A Answers
• Appendix B Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix C The Metric System
• Appendix D A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
• Appendix E Classification of Life
• Appendix F Scientific Skills Review
• Credits
• Glossary
• Index
• Back Cover

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