Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Table of Contents
• Learning features
• Acronyms and abbreviations
• About the authors
• About the students and supervisors
• Resources for lecturers
• About the book
  • The focus of the book
  • Why use this book?
  • What do we mean by ‘business research’?
  • Why do business research?
  • Why is it important to study methods?
  • The structure of the book
  • The book is divided into four parts
  • How to use the book
  • New to this edition
• Acknowledgements
• Editorial Advisory Panel
• Publisher credits
• Part One The Research Process
  • Chapter 1 The Nature and Process of Business Research
    • Introduction: what is business research and why do it?
    • Key considerations in business research methods
    • Relevance to practice
    • The process of business research
      • Literature review
      • Concepts and theories
      • Research questions
      • Sampling
      • Data collection
      • Data analysis
      • Writing up
    • The messiness of business research
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 2 Business Research Strategies
    • Introduction: the nature of business research
    • Theory and research
      • What is theory?
      • Deductive and inductive logics of inquiry
    • Philosophical assumptions in business research
    • Ontological considerations
      • Objectivism
      • Constructionism
    • Epistemological considerations
      • A natural science epistemology: positivism
      • Interpretivism
    • Research paradigms
    • Developing a research strategy: quantitative or qualitative?
    • Other considerations
      • Values
      • Practicalities
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 3 Research Designs
    • Introduction
    • Quality criteria in business research
      • Reliability
      • Replicability
      • Validity
    • Research designs
      • Experimental design
        • Manipulation
        • Classic experimental design
        • Classic experimental design and validity
          • Internal validity of an experiment
          • External validity of an experiment
          • Ecological validity of an experiment
          • Replicability of an experiment
        • Laboratory experiments
        • Quasi-experiments
        • Significance of experimental design
        • Logic of comparison
      • Cross-sectional design
        • Reliability, replicability, and validity
        • Non-manipulable variables
        • Structure of the cross-sectional design
        • Cross-sectional design and research strategy
      • Longitudinal design
      • Case study design
        • What is a case?
        • Reliability, replicability, and validity
        • Types of case
        • Case study as intensive analysis
        • More than one case
        • Longitudinal research and the case study
      • Comparative design
    • Levels of analysis
    • Bringing research strategy and research design together
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 4 Planning a Research Project and Developing Research Questions
    • Introduction
    • Planning your research project
      • Getting to know what is expected of you by your university
      • Thinking about your research area
      • Using your supervisor
      • Managing time and resources
    • Developing suitable research questions
      • Criteria for evaluating research questions
    • Writing your research proposal
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 5 Getting Started: Reviewing the Literature
    • Introduction
    • Reviewing the literature
      • Reading critically
      • Systematic review
      • Narrative and integrative reviews
    • Searching databases
      • Online databases
      • Keywords and defining search parameters
    • Making progress
    • Referencing
    • Avoiding plagiarism
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 6 Ethics in Business Research
    • Introduction
    • Ethical principles
      • Avoidance of harm
      • Informed consent
      • Privacy
      • Preventing deception
    • Stances on research ethics
    • Other ethical and legal considerations
      • Data management
      • Copyright
      • Affiliation and conflicts of interest
    • Visual methods and research ethics
    • Ethical considerations in online research
    • The political context of business research
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 7 Writing up Business Research
    • Introduction
    • Writing academically
    • Writing up your research
      • Start early
      • Be persuasive
      • Get feedback
      • Use inclusive language
      • Structure your writing
        • Title page
        • Acknowledgements
        • List of contents
        • Abstract
        • Introduction
        • Literature review
        • Research methods
        • Results
        • Discussion
        • Conclusion
        • Appendices
        • References
        • Finally
    • Writing up quantitative and qualitative research
      • An example of quantitative research
        • Title and abstract
        • Introduction
        • Theory and hypotheses
        • Data and methods
        • Discussion and conclusion
        • Lessons
      • An example of qualitative research
        • Title and abstract
        • Introduction
        • Theoretical background
        • Methods
        • Findings
        • Discussion
        • Conclusion
        • Lessons
    • Reflexivity and writing differently
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
• Part Two Quantitative Research
  • Chapter 8 The Nature of Quantitative Research
    • Introduction
    • The main steps in quantitative research
    • Concepts and their measurement
      • What is a concept?
      • Why measure?
      • Indicators
      • Dimensions of concepts
    • Reliability and validity of measures
      • Reliability of measures
      • Validity of measures
      • The connection between reliability and validity
    • The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers
      • Measurement
      • Causality
      • Generalization
      • Replication
    • The critique of quantitative research
      • Criticisms of quantitative research
    • Is it always like this?
      • Reverse operationism
      • Reliability and validity testing
      • Sampling
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 9 Sampling in Quantitative Research
    • Introduction
    • The importance of a representative sample
    • Sampling error
    • Types of probability sample
      • Simple random sample
      • Systematic sample
      • Stratified random sampling
      • Multi-stage cluster sampling
    • The qualities of a probability sample
    • Sample size
      • Absolute and relative sample size
      • Time and cost
      • Non-response
      • Heterogeneity of the population
    • Types of non-probability sampling
      • Convenience sampling
      • Quota sampling
    • Limits to generalization
    • Error in survey research
    • Sampling issues for online surveys
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 10 Structured Interviewing
    • Introduction
    • The structured interview
      • Reducing error due to interviewer variability
      • Accuracy and ease of data processing
    • Other types of interview
    • Interview contexts
      • More than one interviewee
      • More than one interviewer
      • In person or by phone or video call?
      • Computer-assisted interviewing
    • Conducting interviews
      • Know the schedule
      • Introducing the research
      • Rapport
      • Asking questions
      • Recording answers
      • Clear instructions
      • Question order
      • Probing
      • Prompting
      • Leaving the interview
      • Training and supervision
    • Problems with structured interviewing
      • Characteristics of interviewers
      • Response sets
        • Acquiescence
        • Social desirability bias
      • The problem of meaning
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 11 Self-Completion Questionnaires
    • Introduction
    • Different kinds of self-completion questionnaires
    • Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to the structured interview
      • Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the structured interview
        • Cheaper to administer
        • Quicker to administer
        • Absence of interviewer effects
        • No interviewer variability
        • Convenience for respondents
      • Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in comparison to the structured interview
        • Cannot prompt
        • Cannot probe
        • Cannot ask many questions that are not salient to respondents
        • Difficulty of asking other kinds of question
        • Questionnaire can be read as a whole
        • Do not know who answers
        • Cannot collect additional data
        • Difficult to ask a lot of questions
        • Not appropriate for some kinds of respondent
        • Greater risk of missing data
        • Lower response rates
      • Steps to improve response rates to postal and online questionnaires
    • Designing the self-completion questionnaire
      • Do not cramp the presentation
      • Clear presentation
      • Vertical or horizontal closed answers?
      • Identifying response sets in a Likert scale
      • Clear instructions about how to respond
      • Keep question and answers together
    • Online surveys
    • Comparing modes of survey administration
    • Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire
      • Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method of data collection
      • Experience and event sampling
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 12 Asking Questions
    • Introduction
    • Open or closed questions?
      • Open questions
        • Advantages
        • Disadvantages
      • Closed questions
        • Advantages
        • Disadvantages
    • Types of question
    • Rules for designing questions
      • General rules of thumb
        • Always bear in mind your research questions
        • What do you want to know?
        • How would you answer it?
      • Specific rules when designing questions
        • Avoid ambiguous terms in questions
        • Avoid long questions
        • Avoid double-barrelled questions
        • Avoid very general questions
        • Avoid leading questions
        • Avoid questions that are actually asking two questions
        • Avoid questions that include negatives
        • Avoid technical and obscure terms
        • Does the respondent have the requisite knowledge?
        • Make sure that there is a symmetry between a closed question and its answers
        • Make sure that the answers provided for a closed question are balanced
        • Memory problems
        • Don’t know
    • Vignette questions
    • Piloting and pre-testing questions
    • Using existing questions
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 13 Quantitative Research Using Naturally Occurring Data
    • Introduction
    • Structured observation
      • The observation schedule
      • Strategies for observing behaviour
    • Sampling for structured observation
      • Sampling people
      • Sampling in terms of time
      • Further sampling considerations
    • Limitations of structured observation
      • Issues of reliability and validity
      • Criticisms of structured observation
    • Content analysis
    • What are the research questions?
    • Selecting a sample for content analysis
      • Sampling media
      • Sampling dates
    • What is to be counted?
      • Significant actors
      • Words
      • Subjects and themes
      • Dispositions
      • Images
    • Coding in content analysis
      • Coding schedule
      • Coding manual
      • Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes
    • Advantages and disadvantages of content analysis
      • Advantages
      • Disadvantages
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 14 Secondary Analysis and Official Statistics
    • Introduction
    • Using data collected by others
      • Advantages of secondary analysis
      • Limitations of secondary analysis
      • Accessing data archives
      • Big data
      • Archival proxies and meta-analysis
    • Official statistics
      • Reliability and validity
      • Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive measure
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 15 Quantitative Data Analysis: Descriptive, Univariate, and Bivariate Statistics Tine Köhler
    • Introduction
    • A sample research project
    • Getting to know and describing your data
      • Common types of variables
      • Data cleaning and scale construction
    • Descriptive and univariate statistics
      • Frequencies and distributions
    • Bivariate statistics
      • Covariance and correlation
      • Contingency tables
      • Mean comparisons
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 16 Quantitative Data Analysis: Hypothesis Testing and Inferential StatisticsTine Köhler
    • Introduction
    • Significance testing and effect sizes
      • Null-hypothesis significance testing
    • Common inferential statistics for prediction
      • Regression
      • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
• Part Three Qualitative Research
  • Chapter 17 The Nature of Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • The main steps in qualitative research
    • Theory and research
    • Concepts in qualitative research
    • Reliability and validity in qualitative research
      • Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research
      • Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research
        • Credibility
        • Transferability
        • Dependability
        • Confirmability
      • Overview of the issue of criteria
    • The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers
      • Seeing through the eyes of people being studied
      • Description and emphasis on context
      • Emphasis on process
      • Flexibility and limited structure
      • Concepts and theory grounded in data
    • The critique of qualitative research
      • Too subjective
      • Difficult to replicate
      • Problems of generalization
      • Lack of transparency
    • Is it always like this?
    • Contrasts and similarities between quantitative and qualitative research
      • Contrasts
      • Similarities
    • Researcher–participant relationships
      • Action research
      • Feminist research
      • Decolonial and indigenous research
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 18 Sampling in Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • Levels of sampling
    • Purposive sampling
      • Theoretical sampling
      • Generic purposive sampling
      • Snowball sampling
    • Sample size
    • Not just people
    • Using more than one sampling approach
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 19 Ethnography and Participant Observation
    • Introduction
    • Organizational ethnography
    • Access
      • Overt versus covert?
      • Ongoing access
      • Key informants
    • Roles for ethnographers
      • Active or passive?
      • Shadowing
    • Field notes
      • Types of field notes
    • Bringing ethnographic fieldwork to an end
    • Other types of ethnographic research
      • Feminist ethnography
      • Global and multi-site ethnography
      • Digital ethnography
    • Writing ethnography
      • Realist tales
        • Experiential authority
        • Typical forms
        • The native’s point of view
        • Interpretive omnipotence
      • Other approaches
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 20 Interviewing in Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • Differences between structured interviewing and the qualitative interview
    • Asking questions
      • Preparing an interview guide
      • Kinds of question
      • Using an interview guide: an example
      • Recording, transcription, and translation
      • Flexibility in interviewing
    • Non-face-to-face interviews
      • Telephone interviewing
      • Online interviews
      • Video interviewing
    • Other approaches to qualitative interviewing
      • Feminist interviewing
      • Critical incident interviewing
      • Life history interviews
    • Merits and limitations of qualitative interviewing
      • Advantages of qualitative interviews
      • Disadvantages of qualitative interviews
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 21 Focus Groups
    • Introduction
    • Uses of focus groups
      • Commercial use of focus groups
    • Conducting focus groups
      • Recording and transcription
      • How many groups?
      • Size of groups
      • Level of moderator involvement
      • Selecting participants
      • Asking questions
      • Beginning and finishing
    • Interaction in focus groups
      • Focus groups as an emancipatory method
    • Online focus groups
    • Limitations of focus groups
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 22 Language in Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • Discourse analysis
      • Main features of discourse analysis
      • Detailed procedures
      • Critical discourse analysis
      • Strengths and limitations of discourse analysis
    • Narrative analysis
    • Rhetorical analysis
    • Conversation analysis
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 23 Documentary Data
    • Introduction
    • Personal documents
    • Public documents
    • Organizational documents
    • Media outputs
    • Documents as ‘texts’
    • Interpreting documentary data
      • Qualitative content analysis
      • Historical analysis
    • Checklist
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 24 Visual Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • The visual turn in business research
      • The main approaches to visual research
    • Research generated images
      • Taking photographs
      • Video recordings
      • Visual arts-based methods
    • Already existing visual material
      • Found photographs and online images
      • Material objects
    • Visual ethnography
    • Interpreting the visual
      • Grounded visual pattern analysis
      • Semiotic and multimodal analysis
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 25 Qualitative Data Analysis
    • Introduction
    • Thematic analysis
    • Grounded theory
      • Tools of grounded theory
      • Outcomes of grounded theory
      • Memos
      • Criticisms of grounded theory
    • More on coding
      • Steps and considerations in coding
      • Turning data into fragments
      • The critique of coding
    • Secondary analysis of qualitative data
    • Using data analysis software in qualitative research
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
• Part Four Mixed Methods Research
  • Chapter 26 Breaking Down the Quantitative/Qualitative Divide
    • Introduction
    • The natural science model and qualitative research
    • Quantitative research: interpretivism and constructionism
      • Interpretivism
      • Constructionism
    • Epistemological and ontological considerations
    • Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast
      • Behaviour versus meaning
      • Theory tested in research versus theory emergent from data
      • Numbers versus words
      • Artificial versus natural
    • Reciprocal analysis
      • Qualitative analysis of quantitative data
      • Quantitative analysis of qualitative data
    • Quantification in qualitative research
      • Thematic analysis
      • Quasi-quantification in qualitative research
      • Combating anecdotalism through limited quantification
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
  • Chapter 27 Mixed Methods Research: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research
    • Introduction
    • The debates surrounding mixed methods research
      • The arguments against mixed methods research
        • The embedded methods argument
        • The paradigm argument
      • Two versions of the debate about quantitative and qualitative research
    • The rise of mixed methods research
    • Classifying mixed methods research in terms of priority and sequence
    • Different types of mixed methods design
    • Approaches to mixed methods research
      • The logic of triangulation
      • Qualitative research facilitates quantitative research
      • Quantitative research facilitates qualitative research
      • Filling in the gaps
      • Static and processual features
      • Research issues and participants’ perspectives
      • The problem of generality
      • Interpreting the relationship between variables
      • Studying different aspects of a phenomenon
      • Solving a puzzle
    • Quality issues in mixed methods research
    • Key points
    • Questions for review
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index

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