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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• To the Student
• About the Authors
• Part One: What Is Biopsychology?
  • Chapter 1. Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
    • The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time
      • Four Major Themes of This Text
        • Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology
        • Clinical Implications
        • The Evolutionary Perspective
        • Neuroplasticity
      • Emerging Themes of This Text
        • Thinking about Epigenetics
        • Consciousness
    • What Is Biopsychology?
      • Defining Biopsychology
      • What Are the Origins of Biopsychology?
      • How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?
    • What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?
      • Human and Nonhuman Subjects
      • Experiments and Nonexperiments
        • Experiments
        • Quasiexperimental Studies
        • Case Studies
      • Pure and Applied Research
    • What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?
      • Physiological Psychology
      • Psychopharmacology
      • Neuropsychology
    • The Case of Mr. R., the Student with a Brain Injury Who Switched to Architecture
      • Psychophysiology
      • Cognitive Neuroscience
      • Comparative Psychology
    • How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work?
      • Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?
      • Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?
    • Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims
      • Evaluating Biopsychological Claims
    • Case 1: José and the Bull
    • Case 2: Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Part Two: Foundations of Biopsychology
  • Chapter 2. Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
    • Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions
      • The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking
        • Is it Physiological, or is it Psychological?
        • Is it Inherited, or is it Learned?
      • Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies
        • Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking Runs into Difficulty
    • The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed
    • The Case of the Chimps with Mirrors
      • Nature-or-Nurture Thinking Runs into Difficulty
    • The Case of the Thinking Student
      • A Model of the Biology of Behavior
    • Human Evolution
      • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
      • Evolution and Behavior
        • Social Dominance
        • Courtship Display
      • Course of Human Evolution
        • Evolution of Vertebrates
        • Evolution of Amphibians
        • Evolution of Reptiles
        • Evolution of Mammals
        • Emergence of Humankind
      • Thinking about Human Evolution
      • Evolution of the Human Brain
    • Fundamental Genetics
      • Mendelian Genetics
      • Chromosomes
        • Reproduction and Recombination
        • Structure and Replication
        • Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
      • Genetic Code and Gene Expression
      • Human Genome Project
      • Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics
    • Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience
      • Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats
      • Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder
    • Genetics of Human Psychological Differences
      • Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals
      • Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
      • A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies
        • Twin Studies of Epigenetic Effects
        • Twin Studies of the Effects of Experience on Heritability
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous S
    • General Layout of the Nervous System
      • Divisions of the Nervous System
      • Meninges
      • Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
      • Blood–Brain Barrier
    • Cells of the Nervous System
      • Anatomy of Neurons
        • Neuron Cell Membrane
        • Classes of Neurons
        • Neurons and Neuroanatomical Structure
      • Glia: The Forgotten Cells
    • Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions
      • Neuroanatomical Techniques
        • Golgi Stain
        • Nissl Stain
        • Electron Microscopy
        • Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques
      • Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System
    • Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
      • Spinal Cord
      • Five Major Divisions of the Brain
      • Myelencephalon
      • Metencephalon
      • Mesencephalon
      • Diencephalon
      • Telencephalon
        • Cerebral Cortex
      • Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 4. Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
    • The Lizard: A Case of Parkinson’s Disease
    • Resting Membrane Potential
      • Recording the Membrane Potential
      • Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
    • Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials
      • Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials
      • Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials
    • Conduction of Action Potentials
      • Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
      • Refractory Periods
      • Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials
        • Conduction in Myelinated Axons
        • The Velocity of Axonal Conduction
        • Conduction in Neurons without Axons
      • The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective
    • Synaptic Transmission: From Electrical Signals to Chemical Signals
      • Structure of Synapses
      • Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules
      • Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules
      • Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules
      • Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling
      • Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission
    • Neurotransmitters
      • Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes
      • The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters
        • Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
        • Monoamine Neurotransmitters
        • Acetylcholine
        • Unconventional Neurotransmitters
        • Neuropeptides
    • Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior
      • How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission
      • Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research
        • Wrinkles and Darts: Discovery of Receptor Subtypes
        • Pleasure and Pain: Discovery of Endogenous Opioids
        • Tremors and Mental Illness: Discovery of Antipsychotic Drugs
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 5. The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
    • The Ironic Case of Professor P.
    • Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System
    • Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain
      • X-Ray-Based Techniques
        • Contrast X-Rays
        • Computed Tomography
      • Radioactivity-Based Techniques
      • Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques
        • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
        • Diffusion Tensor MRI
        • Functional MRI
      • Ultrasound-Based Techniques
      • Transcranial Stimulation
    • Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
      • Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity
        • Scalp Electroencephalography
        • Magnetoencephalography
      • Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous System Activity
        • Muscle Tension
        • Eye Movement
      • Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic Nervous System Activity
        • Skin Conductance
        • Cardiovascular Activity
    • Invasive Physiological Research Methods
      • Stereotaxic Surgery
      • Lesion Methods
        • Aspiration Lesions
        • Radio-Frequency Lesions
        • Knife Cuts
        • Reversible Lesions
        • Interpreting Lesion Effects
        • Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions
      • Electrical Stimulation
      • Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods
        • Intracellular Unit Recording
        • Extracellular Unit Recording
        • Multiple-Unit Recording
        • Invasive Eeg Recording
    • Pharmacological Research Methods
      • Routes of Drug Administration
      • Selective Chemical Lesions
      • Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain
        • 2-Deoxyglucose Technique
        • Cerebral Dialysis
      • Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain
        • Immunocytochemistry
        • In Situ Hybridization
    • Genetic Methods
      • Gene Knockout Techniques
      • Gene Knockin Techniques
      • Gene Editing Techniques
      • Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow
      • Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch
    • Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology
    • Neuropsychological Testing
      • Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing
        • The Single-Test Approach
        • The Standardized-Test-Battery Approach
        • The Customized-Test-Battery Approach
      • Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
        • Intelligence
        • Memory
        • Language
        • Language Lateralization
      • Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function
        • Memory
        • Language
    • Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
    • The Case of the Vegetative Patient
      • Paired-Image Subtraction Technique
      • Default Mode Network
      • Mean Difference Images
      • Functional Connectivity
    • Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
      • Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors
        • Open-Field Test
        • Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior
        • Tests of Sexual Behavior
      • Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
      • Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
        • Conditioned Taste Aversion
        • Radial Arm Maze
        • Morris Water Maze
        • Conditioned Defensive Burying
      • Thinking Creatively About Biopsychological Research
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Part Three: Sensory and Motor Systems
  • Chapter 6. The Visual System: How We See
    • The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer
    • Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina
      • Pupil and Lens
      • Eye Position and Binocular Disparity
    • The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals
      • Structure of the Retina
      • Cone and Rod Vision
      • Spectral Sensitivity
      • Eye Movement
      • Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals
    • From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex
      • Retina-Geniculate-Striate System
      • Retinotopic Organization
      • The M and P Channels
    • Seeing Edges
      • Contrast Enhancement
      • Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel
      • Receptive Fields of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System: Hubel & Wiesel
      • Receptive Fields of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel
        • Simple Striate Cells
        • Complex Striate Cells
        • Binocular Complex Striate Cells
      • Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: Hubel & Wiesel’s Findings
    • The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited
      • Changing Concept of the Characteristics of Visual Receptive Fields
        • Retinal Ganglion Cells
        • Lateral Geniculate Cells
      • Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual Processing
    • Seeing Color
      • Component and Opponent Processing
      • Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory
    • Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness
      • Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex
      • Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion
    • The Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear
    • The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight
      • Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex
      • Dorsal and Ventral Streams
    • D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See
    • A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw
      • Prosopagnosia
        • Is Prosopagnosia Specific to Faces?
    • R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic
      • What Brain Pathology is Associated with Prosopagnosia?
      • Can Prosopagnosics Perceive Faces in the Absence of Conscious Awareness?
      • Akinetopsia
    • Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 7. Sensory Systems, Perception, and Attention: How You Know the World
    • The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time
    • Principles of Sensory System Organization
      • Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex
      • Features of Sensory System Organization
    • Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
      • Functional Segregation
      • Parallel Processing
      • Summary Model of Sensory System Organization
    • Auditory System
      • Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound
      • The Ear
      • From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex
      • Auditory Cortex
        • Organization of Primate Auditory Cortex
        • What Sounds Should be used to Study auditory Cortex?
        • What Analyses does the Auditory Cortex Perform?
        • Two Streams of Auditory Cortex
        • Auditory–Visual Interactions
        • Where does the Perception of Pitch Occur?
      • Effects of Damage to the Auditory System
        • Auditory Cortex Damage
        • Deafness in Humans
    • Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
      • Cutaneous Receptors
      • Two Major Somatosensory Pathways
      • Cortical Areas of Somatosensation
        • Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
      • Somatosensory System and Association Cortex
    • The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand
      • Somatosensory Agnosias
    • The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body
      • Rubber-Hand Illusion
      • Perception of Pain
        • Pain is Adaptive
    • The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain
      • Pain has no Clear Cortical Representation
      • Pain is Modulated by Cognition and Emotion
      • Neuropathic Pain
    • Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
      • Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses
      • Olfactory System
      • Gustatory System
      • Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses
    • Perception
      • Role of Prior Experience in Perception
      • Perceptual Decision Making
      • The Binding Problem
    • Selective Attention
      • Characteristics of Selective Attention
      • Change Blindness
      • Neural Mechanisms of Attention
      • Simultanagnosia
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 8. The Sensorimotor System: How You Move
    • The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier
    • Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function
      • The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized
      • Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input
    • The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback
      • Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control
      • General Model of Sensorimotor System Function
    • Sensorimotor Association Cortex
      • Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
    • The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles
      • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex
    • Secondary Motor Cortex
      • Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex
      • Mirror Neurons
    • Primary Motor Cortex
      • Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function
      • Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function
    • Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind
      • Effects of Primary Motor Cortex Lesions
    • Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
      • Cerebellum
      • Basal Ganglia
    • Descending Motor Pathways
      • The Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways
    • Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits
      • Muscles
      • Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles
      • Stretch Reflex
      • Withdrawal Reflex
      • Reciprocal Innervation
      • Recurrent Collateral Inhibition
      • Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex
    • Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning
      • A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs
      • Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs
        • Central Sensorimotor Programs are Capable of Motor Equivalence
        • Sensory Information that Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs is not Necessarily Conscious
        • Central Sensorimotor Programs can Develop without Practice
        • Practice can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs
      • Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning
      • Neuroplasticity Associated with Sensorimotor Learning
    • The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Part Four: Brain Plasticity
  • Chapter 9. Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You
    • The Case of Genie
    • Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment
      • Stem Cells and Neurodevelopment
      • Induction of the Neural Plate
      • Neural Proliferation
      • Migration and Aggregation
        • Migration
        • Aggregation
      • Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
        • Axon Growth
        • Synapse Formation
      • Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
        • Synapse Rearrangement
    • Early Cerebral Development in Humans
      • Prenatal Growth of the Human Brain
      • Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain
      • Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
    • Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits
      • Critical Periods vs. Sensitive Periods
      • Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment
      • Experience and Neurodevelopment
        • Ocular Dominance Columns
        • Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps
    • Neuroplasticity in Adults
      • Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals
        • Effects of Experience on Adult Neurogenesis
        • Functions of Newly Born Neurons in the Adult Brain
      • Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex
    • Atypical Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome
      • Autism Spectrum Disorder
        • ASD is a Heterogeneous Disorder
    • The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock?
    • The Case of S.D.: The Self-Advocate
      • ASD Savants
    • Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities
      • Genetic Mechanisms of ASD
      • Neural Mechanisms of ASD
      • Williams Syndrome
    • The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities
      • Epilogue
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Part Five: Biopsychology of Motivation
  • Chapter 10. Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
    • The Ironic Case of Professor P.
    • Causes of Brain Damage
      • Brain Tumors
      • Strokes
        • Cerebral Hemorrhage
        • Cerebral Ischemia
      • Traumatic Brain Injuries
    • The Case of Junior Seau
      • Infections of the Brain
        • Bacterial Infections
        • Viral Infections
      • Neurotoxins
      • Genetic Factors
      • Programmed Cell Death
    • Neurological Diseases
      • Epilepsy
        • Focal Seizures
    • The Subtlety of Complex Seizures: Two Cases
      • Generalized Seizures
      • Parkinson’s Disease
      • Huntington’s Disease
      • Multiple Sclerosis
      • Alzheimer’s Disease
    • Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases
      • Kindling Model of Epilepsy
      • MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
    • The Case of the Frozen Drug Users
    • Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery
      • Neural Degeneration
      • Neural Regeneration
      • Neural Reorganization
        • Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Laboratory Animals
        • Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Humans
        • Mechanisms of Neural Reorganization
      • Recovery of Function after CNS Damage
    • Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage
      • Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research
    • The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant
      • Modern Research on Neurotransplantation
      • Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training
        • Treating Strokes
        • Treating Spinal Injury
        • Benefits of Cognitive and Physical Exercise
        • Treating Phantom Limbs
    • Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran
    • The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 11. Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information
    • Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
    • The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory
      • Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories
        • Digit-Span + 1 Test
        • Block-Tapping Test
        • Mirror-Drawing Test
        • Incomplete-Pictures Test
        • Pavlovian Conditioning
      • Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case
      • Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
      • Semantic and Episodic Memories
    • The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel
    • The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits
      • Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory
    • The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation
    • Amnesias of Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease
      • Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
    • The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.
      • Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease
    • Amnesia after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence for Consolidation
      • Posttraumatic Amnesia
      • Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation
        • Hippocampus and Consolidation
        • Reconsolidation
    • Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory
      • Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
        • Monkey Version of the Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
        • Rat Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test
      • Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal Lo
    • Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory
      • Morris Water Maze Test
      • Radial Arm Maze Test
      • Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells
        • The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
      • Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells
      • Engram Cells
    • Where Are Memories Stored?
      • Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory
        • Inferotemporal Cortex
        • Amygdala
        • Prefrontal Cortex
    • The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t
      • Cerebellum and Striatum
    • Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
      • Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: Long-Term Potentiation
      • Induction of LTP: Learning
      • Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall
      • Variability of LTP
      • Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
    • Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You
      • Infantile Amnesia
      • Smart Drugs: Do They Work?
      • Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory
    • The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 12. Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much?
    • The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat
    • Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization
      • Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body
        • Digestion
        • Energy Storage in the Body
      • Three Phases of Energy Metabolism
    • Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives
      • Set-Point Assumption
        • Glucostatic Theory
        • Lipostatic Theory
        • Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating
      • Positive-Incentive Perspective
    • Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat
      • Factors That Influence What We Eat
        • Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions
        • Learning to Eat Vitamins and Minerals
      • Factors That Influence When We Eat
        • Premeal Hunger
        • Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger
      • Factors That Influence How Much We Eat
        • Satiety Signals
        • Sham Eating
        • Appetizer Effect and Satiety
        • Serving Size and Satiety
        • Social Influences and Satiety
        • Sensory-Specific Satiety
    • Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety
      • Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety
      • Evolution of Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety
        • The Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers
        • Modern Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety
      • Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety
      • Hypothalamic Circuits, Peptides, and the Gut
      • Serotonin and Satiety
      • Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger
    • Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A.
    • Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points
      • Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating
        • Variability of Body Weight
        • Set Points and Health
        • Regulation of Body Weight by Changes in the Efficiency of Energy Utilization
      • Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control
    • Human Overeating: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments
      • Overeating: Who Needs to Be Concerned?
      • Overeating: Why Is There An Epidemic?
      • Why Do Some People Gain Weight from Overeating While Others Do Not?
        • Differences in Energy Expenditure
        • Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition
        • Genetic and Epigenetic Factors
      • Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective?
      • Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat
        • The Discovery of Leptin
        • Leptin, Insulin, and the Arcuate Melanocortin System
        • Leptin as a Treatment for High Body-Fat Levels in Humans
    • The Case of the Child with No Leptin
      • Treatment of Overeating and High Body-Fat Levels
        • Serotonergic Agonists
        • Gastric Surgery
    • Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
      • Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
        • Anorexia Nervosa
        • Bulimia Nervosa
      • Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia
      • Anorexia and Positive Incentives
      • Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis
    • The Case of the Student with Anorexia
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 13. Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
    • Men-are-Men-and-Women-are-Women Assumption
    • Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
    • Neuroendocrine System
      • Glands
        • Gonads
      • Hormones
        • Sex Steroids
      • The Pituitary
        • Female Gonadal Hormone Levels are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels are Steady
      • Control of the Pituitary
        • Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus
      • Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
      • Regulation of Hormone Levels
        • Regulation by Neural Signals
        • Regulation by Hormonal Signals
        • Regulation by Nonhormonal Chemicals
        • Pulsatile Hormone Release
      • Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation
    • Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body
      • Sexual Differentiation
        • Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs
        • Internal Reproductive Ducts
        • External Reproductive Organs
      • Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics
    • Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior
      • Sex Differences in the Brain
        • First Discovery of a Sex Difference in Mammalian Brain Function
        • Aromatization Hypothesis
        • Sex Differences in the Brain: The Modern Perspective
      • Development of Sex Differences in Behavior
        • Development of Reproductive Behaviors in Laboratory Animals
        • Development of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Humans
    • Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development
      • Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development
    • The Case of Anne S., the Woman with Testes
    • The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy
    • The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis
      • Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?
    • Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults
      • Male Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
    • The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood
      • Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
      • Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    • Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
      • Four Brain Structures Associated with Sexual Activity
        • Cortex and Sexual Activity
        • Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity
        • Amygdala and Sexual Activity
        • Ventral Striatum and Sexual Activity
    • Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
      • Sexual Orientation
        • Sexual Orientation and Genes
        • Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones
      • What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?
      • What Differences in the Brain Can Account for Differences in Sexual Attraction?
      • Gender Identity
      • Independence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 14. Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
    • The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep
    • Stages of Sleep
      • Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep
      • Three Stages of Sleep EEG
    • Dreaming
      • Discovery of the Relationship between REM Sleep and Dreaming
      • Testing Common Beliefs About Dreaming
        • External Stimuli and Dreams
        • Dream Duration
        • People who don’t Dream
        • Sexual Content in Dreams
        • Sleeptalking and Sleepwalking
      • Does REM Sleep = Dreaming?
      • Lucid Dreaming
    • The Case of the Levitating Teenager
    • The Case of the Artistic Dreamer
    • The Case of the Bored Lucid Dreamer
      • Why Do We Dream What We Do?
      • Why Do We Dream?
        • Hobson’s Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
        • Revonsuo’s Evolutionary Theory of Dreams
        • Hobson’s Protoconsciousness Hypothesis
      • The Dreaming Brain
    • Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?
      • Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep
      • Comparative Analysis of Sleep
    • Effects of Sleep Deprivation
      • Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem
      • Predictions of Recuperation Theories about Sleep Deprivation
      • Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies
    • The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students
    • The Case of Randy Gardner
      • Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
      • Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals
      • REM-Sleep Deprivation
      • Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep
    • Circadian Sleep Cycles
      • Circadian Rhythms
      • Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles
      • Jet Lag and Shift Work
      • A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
      • Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment
      • Genetics of Circadian Rhythms
    • Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
      • Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep
    • The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist
      • Reticular Formation and Sleep
      • Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei
    • Drugs That Affect Sleep
      • Hypnotic Drugs
      • Antihypnotic Drugs
      • Melatonin
    • Sleep Disorders
      • Insomnia
    • Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia
      • Hypersomnia
      • REM-Sleep-Related Disorders
    • The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle
    • Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction
      • Differences between Short and Long Sleepers
      • Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep
      • Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping
      • Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health
      • Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study
    • The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 15. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pl
    • The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers
    • Basic Principles of Drug Action
      • Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration of the Central Nervous System
        • Oral Ingestion
        • Injection
        • Inhalation
        • Absorption through Mucous Membranes
      • Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination
        • Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System
        • Mechanisms of Drug Action
        • Drug Metabolism and Elimination
      • Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and Physical Dependence
        • Drug Tolerance
        • Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence
      • Drug Addiction: What Is It?
    • Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance
      • Contingent Drug Tolerance
      • Conditioned Drug Tolerance
        • Thinking about Drug Conditioning
    • Five Commonly Used Drugs
      • Nicotine
        • Tobacco Smoking
        • Nicotine Vaping
        • Addiction and Nicotine
      • Alcohol
      • Marijuana
      • Cocaine and Other Stimulants
      • The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine
    • Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly Used Drugs
      • Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs
      • Comparison of the Hazards of Nicotine, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin
    • Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction
      • Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction
      • Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
      • Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction
      • Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction
    • Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction
      • Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction
        • Initial Drug Taking
        • Habitual Drug Taking
        • Drug Craving and Relapse
      • Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
        • Unnatural Housing and Testing Conditions
        • Excessive Focus on Stimulants
      • A Noteworthy Case of Addiction
    • The Case of Sigmund Freud
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Part Six: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion
  • Chapter 16. Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and Right Brain
    • Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction
      • Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia
      • Tests of Cerebral Lateralization
        • Sodium Amytal Test
        • Dichotic Listening Test
        • Functional Brain Imaging
      • Discovery of the Relation Between Speech Laterality and Handedness
      • Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization
    • The Split Brain
      • Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry
      • Commissurotomy in Humans with Epilepsy
      • Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently
      • Cross-Cuing
      • Doing Two Things at Once
      • Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients
    • The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict
      • Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective
    • Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres
      • Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function
        • Superiority of the Left Hemisphere in Controlling Ipsilateral Movement
        • Superiority of the Right Hemisphere in Spatial Ability
        • Specialization of the Right Hemisphere for Emotion
        • Superior Musical Ability of the Right Hemisphere
        • Hemispheric Differences in Memory
      • What Is Lateralized? Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?
      • Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain
    • Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization and Language
      • Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization
        • Analytic–Synthetic Theory
        • Motor Theory
        • Linguistic Theory
    • The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language
      • When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?
      • Evolution of Human Language
        • Vocal Communication in Nonhuman Primates
        • Motor Theory of Speech Perception
        • Gestural Language
    • Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model
      • Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
      • The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
    • Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence
      • Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities
        • Evidence from Studies of the Effects of Cortical Damage
        • Evidence from Structural Neuroimaging Studies
        • Evidence from Studies of Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex
      • Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
    • Cognitive Neuroscience of Language
      • Three Premises That Define the Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language
      • Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language
        • Bavelier’s Fmri Study of Reading
        • Damasio’s Pet Study of Naming
    • Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia
      • Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms
      • Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia
    • The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 17. Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
    • Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
      • Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion
    • The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage
      • Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotion
      • James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories
      • Sham Rage
      • Limbic System and Emotion
      • Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
    • A Human Case of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
      • Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
        • Emotional Specificity of the Autonomic Nervous System
        • Polygraphy
      • Emotions and Facial Expression
        • Universality of Facial Expression
        • Primary Facial Expressions
        • Facial Feedback Hypothesis
        • Voluntary Control of Facial Expression
        • Facial Expressions: Current Perspective
    • Fear, Defense, and Aggression
      • Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
      • Aggression and Testosterone
    • Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
      • Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
      • Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
      • Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning
    • Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
      • Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion
      • Amygdala and Human Emotion
    • The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear
      • Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
      • Lateralization of Emotion
      • Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives
    • Stress and Health
      • The Stress Response
      • Animal Models of Stress
      • Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
      • Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain
        • Innate Immune System
        • Adaptive Immune System
        • What Effect does Stress have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial?
        • How does Stress Influence Immune Function?
        • Does Stress Affect Susceptibility to Infectious Disease?
      • Early Experience of Stress
      • Stress and the Hippocampus
        • Conclusion
    • The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
  • Chapter 18. Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged
    • Schizophrenia
    • Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena
      • What Is Schizophrenia?
      • Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs
      • The Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia
      • Schizophrenia: Beyond the Dopamine Theory
        • Atypical Antipsychotics
        • Renewed Interest in Hallucinogenic Drugs
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Schizophrenia
      • Neural Bases of Schizophrenia
        • Conclusion
    • Depressive Disorders
      • What Are Depressive Disorders?
    • The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology Student
      • Antidepressant Drugs
        • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
        • Tricyclic Antidepressants
        • Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors
        • Atypical Antidepressants
        • Nmda-Receptor Antagonists
        • Effectiveness of Drugs in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders
      • Brain Stimulation to Treat Depression
        • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
        • Deep Brain Stimulation
      • Theories of Depression
        • Monoamine Theory of Depression
        • Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression
      • Neural Bases of Depression
        • Conclusion
    • Bipolar Disorder
      • What Is Bipolar Disorder?
    • The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Student with Bipolar Disorder
      • Mood Stabilizers
      • Theories of Bipolar Disorder
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder
      • Neural Bases of Bipolar Disorder
    • Anxiety Disorders
    • The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out
      • Four Anxiety Disorders
      • Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
        • Benzodiazepines
        • Antidepressant Drugs
        • Pregabalin
        • Conclusion
      • Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Anxiety Disorders
      • Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders
    • Tourette’s Disorder
    • The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog
      • What Is Tourette’s Disorder?
      • Pharmacological Treatment of Tourette’s Disorder
      • Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tourette’s Disorder
      • Neural Bases of Tourette’s Disorder
    • The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette’s Disorder
    • Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs
      • Clinical Trials: The Three Phases
        • Phase 1: Screening for Safety
        • Phase 2: Establishing the Testing Protocol
        • Phase 3: Final Testing
      • Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials
        • Requirement for Double-Blind Design and Placebo Controls
        • The need for Active Placebos
        • Length of Time Required
        • Financial Issues
        • Targets of Psychopharmacology
        • Lack of Diversity
      • Effectiveness of Clinical Trials
        • Conclusion
    • Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Student Who Took Control
    • Themes Revisited
    • Key Terms
• Epilogue
• Appendixes
  • Appendix I. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Appendix II. Some Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons
  • Appendix III. The Cranial Nerves
  • Appendix IV. Functions of the Cranial Nerves
  • Appendix V. Nuclei of the Thalamus
  • Appendix VI. Nuclei of the Hypothalamus
• Glossary
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Y
  • Z
• Subject Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
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  • Q
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