Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Contents
• Preface
• One Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics
  • 1 Energy sources for muscular activity
    • 1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency
    • 1.2 Energy continuum
    • 1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction
    • 1.4 Energy systems and running speed
    • 1.5 Why can’t a marathon be sprinted?
    • 1.6 Energy sources and muscle
    • 1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy?
    • 1.8 Key points
  • 2 Skeletal muscle structure and function
    • 2.1 Skeletal muscle structure
      • 2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure
      • 2.1.2 The muscle fibre
    • 2.2 Muscle contraction
      • 2.2.1 Propagation of the action potential
      • 2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling
      • 2.2.3 The sliding filament mechanism
    • 2.3 Muscle fibre types
      • 2.3.1 General classification of muscle fibres
      • 2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution
      • 2.3.3 Muscle fibre recruitment
    • 2.4 Muscles in action
      • 2.4.1 Types of muscle contraction
      • 2.4.2 The twitch contraction
      • 2.4.3 The length-tension relationship
      • 2.4.4 Tetanus contractions
      • 2.4.5 Force-velocity relationship
      • 2.4.6 Muscle fatigue
    • 2.5 Key points
  • 3 Biochemical concepts
    • 3.1 Organization of matter
      • 3.1.1 Matter and elements
      • 3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure
      • 3.1.3 Atomic number and mass number
      • 3.1.4 Atomic mass
      • 3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients
    • 3.2 Chemical bonding
      • 3.2.1 Ionic bonds
      • 3.2.2 Covalent bonds
      • 3.2.3 Molecular formulae and structures
      • 3.2.4 Functional groups
    • 3.3 Chemical reactions, ATP and energy
      • 3.3.1 Energy
      • 3.3.2 ATP
      • 3.3.3 Units of energy
      • 3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions
    • 3.4 Water
      • 3.4.1 General functions of water
      • 3.4.2 Water as a solvent
    • 3.5 Solutions and concentrations
    • 3.6 Acid-base balance
      • 3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts
      • 3.6.2 pH Scale
      • 3.6.3 Buffers
    • 3.7 Cell structure
      • 3.7.1 The plasma membrane
      • 3.7.2 The nucleus
      • 3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles
    • 3.8 Key points
• Two Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry
  • 4 Proteins
    • 4.1 Protein function
      • 4.1.1 General protein function
    • 4.2 Amino acids
      • 4.2.1 Amino acid structure
    • 4.3 Protein structure
      • 4.3.1 Primary structure
      • 4.3.2 Secondary structure
      • 4.3.3 Tertiary structure
      • 4.3.4 Quaternary structure
    • 4.4 Proteins as enzymes
      • 4.4.1 Mechanisms of enzyme action
      • 4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions
      • 4.4.3 Coenzymes and cofactors
      • 4.4.4 Classification of enzymes
      • 4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity
    • 4.5 Protein turnover
      • 4.5.1 Overview of protein turnover
      • 4.5.2 DNA structure
      • 4.5.3 Transcription
      • 4.5.4 The genetic code
      • 4.5.5 Translation
    • 4.6 Amino acid metabolism
      • 4.6.1 Free amino acid pool
      • 4.6.2 Transamination
      • 4.6.3 Deamination
      • 4.6.4 Branched chain amino acids
      • 4.6.5 Glucose-alanine cycle
      • 4.6.6 Glutamine
      • 4.6.7 The urea cycle
    • 4.7 Key points
  • 5 Carbohydrates
    • 5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise
    • 5.2 Types and structure of carbohydrates
      • 5.2.1 Monosaccharides
      • 5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides
    • 5.3 Metabolism of carbohydrates
      • 5.3.1 Glycogenolysis
      • 5.3.2 Glycolysis
      • 5.3.3 Lactate metabolism
      • 5.3.4 The ‘link’ reaction; production of acetyl-CoA
      • 5.3.5 The TCA (or Krebs) cycle
      • 5.3.6 Electron transport chain
      • 5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation
      • 5.3.8 Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation
      • 5.3.9 Overview of glucose oxidation
      • 5.3.10 Fructose metabolism
      • 5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis
      • 5.3.12 Glycogenesis
    • 5.4 Key points
  • 6 Lipids
    • 6.1 Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise
    • 6.2 Structure of lipids
      • 6.2.1 Classification of lipids
      • 6.2.2 Compound lipids
      • 6.2.3 Derived lipids
    • 6.3 Metabolism of lipids
      • 6.3.1 Lipolysis
      • 6.3.2 ß-oxidation
      • 6.3.3 Ketone body formation
      • 6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids
      • 6.3.5 Triglyceride synthesis
    • 6.4 Key points
• Three Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise
  • 7 Principles of metabolic regulation
    • 7.1 How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled?
    • 7.2 Hormones
    • 7.3 Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation
      • 7.3.1 Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis
      • 7.3.2 Adrenaline activation of lipolysis
      • 7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase
      • 7.3.4 Insulin inhibition of lipolysis
      • 7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis
    • 7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation
    • 7.5 Allosteric effectors
      • 7.5.1 Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase
      • 7.5.2 Regulation of PFK
      • 7.5.3 Regulation of PDH
      • 7.5.4 Regulation of CPT1
      • 7.5.5 AMPK as a metabolic regulator
    • 7.6 Key points
  • 8 High-intensity exercise
    • 8.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise
      • 8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise
      • 8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise
      • 8.1.3 Evidence of energy sources used in HIE
      • 8.1.4 Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise
    • 8.2 Effects of exercise duration
    • 8.3 Effects of nutritional status
      • 8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE?
    • 8.4 Effects of training
    • 8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue
      • 8.5.1 Reduced ATP
      • 8.5.2 Reduced PCr
      • 8.5.3 Increased Pi
      • 8.5.4 Lactate and H+
    • 8.6 Key points
  • 9 Endurance exercise
    • 9.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise
      • 9.1.1 Definition and models of endurance exercise
      • 9.1.2 Energy production in endurance exercise
      • 9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise
    • 9.2 Effects of exercise intensity
      • 9.2.1 CHO metabolism
      • 9.2.2 Lipid metabolism
    • 9.3 Effects of exercise duration
    • 9.4 Effects of nutritional status
      • 9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability
      • 9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies
      • 9.4.3 Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion
      • 9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability
    • 9.5 Effects of training status
      • 9.5.1 CHO metabolism
      • 9.5.2 Lipid metabolism
      • 9.5.3 Protein metabolism
    • 9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue
    • 9.7 Key points
  • 10 High-intensity intermittent exercise
    • 10.1 Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise
      • 10.1.1 Definition and models of intermittent exercise
      • 10.1.2 Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise
    • 10.2 Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise
    • 10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio
    • 10.4 Effects of nutritional status
      • 10.4.1 Muscle glycogen availability
      • 10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion
      • 10.4.3 CHO ingestion during exercise
    • 10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training
    • 10.6 Mechanisms of fatigue
      • 10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability
      • 10.6.2 PCr depletion
      • 10.6.3 Acidosis
      • 10.6.4 Extracellular potassium
      • 10.6.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      • 10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release
    • 10.7 Key points
• References and suggested readings
• Index

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