Efnisyfirlit

• Front Matter
  • Contents
  • Notes on the Authors
  • Preface and Acknowledgments
• Part I Fundamentals of Human–Environment Geography
  • 1 Introduction A Geographic Perspective on Human–Environment Interactions
    • Icebreaker: Human–Environment Connections Across Time and Space
      • Figure 1.01 A colony of Cape gannets, Lambert’s Bay, Atlantic Coast of South Africa.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Animals and Their Habitats
      • Figure 1.02 Sketch of beaver lodge and dam.
      • Figure 1.03 A farm in Papua New Guinea.
    • What Is Geography and What Does It Have To Do with Studying the Environment?
      • Figure 1.04 Human-environment geography within the discipline of geography.
    • A Geographic Perspective on Environmental Questions1
      • Conventional Understandings of Exploitation, Conservation, and Preservation
        • Figure 1.05 The principle of maximum sustainable yield as applied to an even-aged monoculture of white pine.
      • Geographic Perspectives on Exploitation, Conservation, and Preservation
        • Figure 1.06 Scale analysis of forest managed under principles of maximum sustainable yield.
        • Figure 1.07 Scale/space analysis of preservation.
      • Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, and Conventional Interpretations of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Controversy
        • Figure 1.08 The location of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir (formerly Valley) and Yosemite National Park.
        • Figure 1.09a Hetch Hetchy Valley before the O’Shaughnessy Dam.
        • Figure 1.09b Hetch Hetchy Valley after the O’Shaughnessy Dam.
      • Hetch Hetchy Valley Reinterpreted
        • Figure 1.10 Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and Yosemite National Park as viewed from three different scale-frame perspectives.
    • Plan for the Rest of the Book
      • Part I: Fundamentals of Human–Environment Geography
      • Part II: Contemporary Perspectives in Human–Environment Geography
      • Part III: Thematic Issues in Human–Environment Geography
      • Part IV: Bridging Theory and Practice
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • Notes
    • References
  • 2 The Politics of Nature
    • Icebreaker: Evolving Environmentalism
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Human Conceptions of Nature
      • Figure 2.01 The human–environment perspective, simplified in a diagram.
      • Figure 2.02 The ecocentric point of view, where humans and environments are not just in a reciprocal relationship, but where nature informs and is the source of inspiration and future human action.
      • Figure 2.03 The socionature perspective: the view that all of nature is really a social construction. One cannot separate society from nature; therefore it is viewed as one entity: socionature.
      • Box 2.01 What is your conception of the human–environment relationship?
    • The Contemporary Environmental Movement in Historical and Global Context
      • From Limitless Resources to Conservation
      • The Rise of Modern Environmentalism in the 1960s and 1970s
        • Figure 2.04 New York; photo of the first Earth Day, April 22, 1970.
      • The Era of Sustainable Development (1980s–1990s)
        • Box 2.02 Biodiversity as a primary environmental concern in the 1990s
          • Figure 2.05 A park ranger in Kruger National Park, South Africa.
        • Figure 2.06 The Environmental Kuznets Curve for sulfur dioxide emissions.
      • Environmentalism in the New Millennium (2000–Present)
        • Box 2.03 Op-ed in the San Francisco Chronicle (Sunday, November 18, 2007)
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • Notes
    • References
  • 3 The Biophysical Environment
    • Icebreaker: Amazonian Black Earths (Terra Preta de Indio)
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • The Science of Physical Geography
    • Global to Local Patterns
      • Figure 3.01 The Earth from space focusing on Africa and showing variations in shading with the general locations of biomes on the African continent.
    • Earth–Sun Relations
      • Figure 3.02 Angle of incidence.
    • Solstice and Equinox
      • Figure 3.03 Tilt for equinox and solstice.
    • Unequal Heating of Land and Water
      • Zooming in Closer: Land/Water
        • Figure 3.04 Unequal land/water heating and heat capacity.
      • Zooming in Closer: Elevation
    • Pressure, Winds, and Precipitation
      • Figure 3.05 Average annual temperature fluctuation for the cities of Dallas and San Diego.
      • Figure 3.06a Global wind patterns and pressure systems.
      • Figure 3.06b Relative location of high-pressure air masses and their influence on oceanic circulation.
      • The Physics of Water and Precipitation
        • Figure 3.07 The orographic effect, where precipitation is created by a topographic barrier, and a rain shadow is created on the opposite side.
      • Zooming in Further: Urban/Rural Temperature Profile
        • Figure 3.08 Illustration showing the urban heat island effect as it varies spatially across a hypothetical city. Note the hypothesized temperature “rise” with the hypothetical skyline of the city. What factors might change the appearance of the heat island effect and its geographic occurrence in large cities?
    • Biomes and Major Climates
      • Figure 3.09 Natural vegetation zone map.
      • Figure 3.10 Distribution of the world’s major biomes.
      • Figure 3.11 An example of California coastal sage scrub and grassland ecotone, where two different vegetation types transition and blend.
    • The Biomes
      • Lower Latitudes
        • Savanna and tropical dry forest
          • Figure 3.12 Photos of varying savanna types.
        • Desert and semi-desert
      • Mid-latitudes
        • The Mediterranean biome
        • Temperate grasslands
          • Figure 3.13 Prairie dog colonies in a temperate grassland environment. Cheyenne Mountain State Park, Colorado Springs, CO.
        • Temperate and deciduous forest
      • High Latitudes
        • Boreal forest
        • Tundra
    • Disturbance, Succession, and Change
      • Figure 3.14 Diagram of an idealized ecological succession process.
      • Figure 3.15 Prescribed burn in Yosemite Valley, 2003.
    • Disturbance: Questioning the Human/Natural
    • Key Ecological Concepts
      • Figure 3.16 The effects of topography on solar incidence and subsequent vegetation cover. Note that the southern faces of slopes have far less vegetation cover due to the drying influence of direct solar incidence.
    • Limiting Factors and Niche
      • Figure 3.17 Overlapping ranges of tolerance for different species.
    • Interactions: Competition, Predation, Mutualism
    • Chapter Summary: Linking Back to Human–Environment Relations
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
• Part II Contemporary Perspectives in Human–Environment Geography
  • 4 Cultural and Political Ecology Local Human–Environment Interactions in a Global Context
    • Icebreaker: A Farmer in Her Field
      • Figure 4.01 A female farmer working her peanut field in southern Mali.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Setting the Stage for Cultural Ecology
    • Cultural Ecology
      • Box 4.01 A seminal work in cultural ecology: Roy Rappaport’s Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People (1968)
    • The Emergence of Political Ecology
      • Figure 4.02 Conceptual diagram of different scales of analysis.
    • Linkages to Development Studies
      • Figure 4.03 Conceptual diagram of Rostow’s stages of economic growth.
      • Figure 4.04 Visualizing the world system: map of periphery, semi-periphery, and core.
    • Political Ecology
      • Thinking Across Scales
        • Figure 4.05 Cotton and the three scales wealth-induced environmental degradation.
      • Marginality
        • Figure 4.06 Natural regions and communal areas in Zimbabwe
        • Figure 4.07 Different standards of urban living in Cape Town, South Africa.
      • Attention to Social Differentiation
      • Power and Discourse: Environmental Narratives
    • Political Ecology Critiques
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • Notes
    • References
  • 5 Environmental History
    • Icebreaker: The Sonoran Desert Past and Present
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction: What Is Environmental History?
      • Figure 5.01 Alexander von Humboldt, explorer and encyclopedic author.
      • Figure 5.02 George Perkins Marsh, author of Man and Nature (1864).
      • Figure 5.03 Clarence Glacken, proto-environmental historian and geographer.
    • The Range of Environmental Histories
      • Box 5.01 Two different environmental histories: Mexico’s Mezquital Valley
    • Reconstructing Past Environments: Texts and Tools of the Trade
      • Figure 5.04 Long-term climate variations as recorded by ice cores and the various weights of oxygen isotopes trapped in ice.
      • Figure 5.05 An example of visible tree-rings in a cut section of an oak tree.
      • Box 5.02 Oral environmental histories
        • Figure 5.06 80-year-old Don Eliseo Martinez, shown here stooping to collect wild chiles in Sonora, Mexico, has much oral-historical knowledge that can inform environmental histories of the region.
    • Urban, Industrial, and Bodily Environmental Histories
      • Industrial Histories
      • Natures of Cities
      • Bodies and Health
    • Power, Economics, and Environmental History
      • Box 5.03 Profile of Diana Davis’ Granary of Rome*
        • Figure 5.07 Nomad children in the Maghreb.
    • Transnational and Global Environmental Histories
      • Box 5.04 Jared Diamond’s five characteristics of failing societies in Collapse
      • Box 5.05 Reconstructing an environmental history
    • Environmental History as Context or as a Tool?
      • Box 5.06 What is your environmental history?
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 6 Hazards Geography and Human Vulnerability
    • Icebreaker: Cyclones Hitting Land in Bangladesh and Myanmar
      • Figure 6.01a The Bay of Bengal and surrounding countries.
    • Chapter Objectives
      • Figure 6.01b Cyclone Sidr near landfall.
    • Introduction
    • What Is a Hazard?
      • Are Natural Hazards “Acts of God”?
        • Figure 6.02 The West African Sahel.
      • Early Hazards Geography
      • Evolving Conceptions of Hazards Geography
        • Box 6.01 Gilbert F. White: pioneer of hazards geography
        • Box 6.02 The story of Princeville, North Carolina
          • Figure 6.03 High water in Princeville. A boat carrying a group of Princeville, N.C., residents travels down Main Street after floodwaters from the Tar River completely flooded the town in this on September 17, 1999. Hurricane Floyd dropped more than 20 inches of rain in eastern North Carolina after making landfall. Much like in New Orleans, it was the flooding that caused the damage, forcing more than 100,000 people into shelters, destroying 7000 homes while damaging 56,000.
    • Hazards and Society
      • Box 6.03 Hurricane maps and evacuation behavior
        • Figure 6.04 Hurricane Charley, August 12, 2004.
    • The Political Economy of Natural Hazards
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 7 Environmental Justice The Uneven Distribution of People, Pollution, and Environmental Opportunity
    • Icebreaker: Environmental Quality in Long Beach, California
      • Figure 7.01 Environmental justice as a function of park and freeway proximity in Long Beach, California.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Definitions and History of Environmental Justice
    • What Key Questions Does an EJ Perspective Help Us Answer?
    • Research Agenda
    • Activist Agenda
    • Some Key Terms in Environmental Justice
    • Environmental Racism or Environmental Justice?
      • Box 7.01 Interview with Laura Pulido
        • Figure 7.02 Laura Pulido.
    • History of a Movement
      • Box 7.02 The roots of EJ in the United States: the cases of Warren County, North Carolina, and Love Canal, New York
        • Figure 7.03 Warren County warning sign.
        • Figure 7.04 Lois Gibbs, who became an activist in the 1970s when her community, Love Canal, New York, became a national symbol of toxic pollution. Much of the town is still off-limits.
    • Towards a Global Movement
      • Figure 7.05 Minamata Bay on the south island of Kyushu, Japan, where thousands suffered from mercury poisoning. The Japanese government has now declared the bay safe for fishing and for its seafood products.
    • Documenting Disparities: Cause and Effect and the Evolution of a Field
      • Box 7.03 An example of how constructive critique improves research
      • Box 7.04 The unit-hazard coincidence vs. distance-based approaches
        • Figure 7.06 The aspects of scale of analysis and proximity to hazardous sites are illustrated in this image.
    • Theoretical Explanations of Environmental Inequality
      • Figure 7.07 A hypothetical Kuznets Curve of environmental quality based on per capita income.
    • Future Directions for Environmental Justice
      • Globalization
        • Only the affluent can worry about effluent…
          • Box 7.05 Ken Saro-Wiwa and the injustices and violence of oil
      • EJ and Healthy Environments
      • Is Climate Change an Environmental Justice Issue?
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
• Part III Thematic Issues in Human–Environment Geography
  • 8 Climate, Atmosphere, and Energy
    • Icebreaker: The Perils of a Micronesian Island State
      • Figure 8.01 The Republic of Kiribati.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Global Atmospheric Issues
      • Acid Deposition
        • Figure 8.02 The global problem of acid rain.
    • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
      • Figure 8.03 Effect of the Montreal Protocol.
    • Climate Change and Global Warming
      • Figure 8.04 The greenhouse effect.
      • Figure 8.05 Global temperature trends.
      • Figure 8.06 Projected regional patterns of warming.
      • Table 8.01 Major greenhouse gases
      • Figure 8.07 Three different ways to see carbon emissions.
      • Box 8.01 Op-ed in the Boston Globe (Wednesday, December 19, 2007)
      • Figure 8.08 Carbon emissions embedded in imports and exports.
      • Figure 8.09 Current and projected ranges for beech trees in North America.
      • Figure 8.10 Potential changing range of malaria with climate change.
      • Box 8.02 Core elements of the Kyoto Climate Change Protocol (December 1997)
    • Local and Urban Air Pollution
      • Figure 8.11 Temperature inversion.
      • Figure 8.12 Advective inversion during the winter in Cape Town, South Africa.
    • Energy Consumption
      • Figure 8.13 The world at night.
      • Figure 8.14 Fossil fuel energy intensity for selected countries, 1980–2008.
    • Conventional and Alternative Sources of Energy
    • Energy and Transport
      • Figure 8.15 Transport CO2 emissions per capita.
      • Figure 8.16 Hong Kong’s pedestrian walkways facilitate foot traffic.
      • Table 8.02 Top metro systems in the world (serving over 1 billion passengers per annum)
      • Table 8.03 Top 10 US cities for public transit ridership in 2006
      • Figure 8.17 Automobile-related CO2 emissions per square mile versus per mile.
      • Box 8.03 Imagining a less energy-intensive United States
        • Figure 8.18 Light rail and pedestrian-friendly streets in Portland, Oregon.
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • Notes
    • References
  • 9 The Population–Consumption–Technology Nexus
    • Icebreaker: Complicating Overpopulation
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Population Change in Time and Space
      • Figure 9.01 World population growth.
      • Figure 9.02 Historical population migration.
      • Figure 9.03 Global population trends.
      • Figure 9.04 World population distribution.
    • Population, Consumption, and Technology in Relation to the Resource Base
      • Figure 9.05 J and S population curves.
      • Carrying Capacity
        • Figure 9.06 Carrying capacity of Isle Royale.
        • Figure 9.07 Cartogram of relative rates of consumption by country (2005 data).
    • Major Perspectives on the Population–Resource Question
      • Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian Perspectives
        • Figure 9.08 Malthus’ understanding of the relationship between population and agricultural growth.
      • Structuralist and Neo-Structuralist Perspectives
      • The Cornucopian or Technocratic Perspective
      • I = PAT
        • Box 9.01 Op-ed in the Philadelphia Inquirer (July 11, 2007)
    • Population Change and Development
      • Figure 9.09 The demographic transition model.
    • Factors that Influence Birth and Fertility Rates
      • Figure 9.10 Children’s work plays an important role in household and farm economies.
    • Population and Consumption Politics and Policies
      • Box 9.02 Family planning programs in less developed countries: China and Thailand
        • Figure 9.11 A billboard promotes use of condoms as part of Thailand’s family-planning program.
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 10 Agriculture and Food Systems
    • Icebreaker: The Global Food Crisis
      • Figure 10.01 Food Price Index.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Systems of Agricultural Production
      • Figure 10.02 Different dimensions of agricultural systems.
      • Traditional Systems of Agricultural Production
        • Figure 10.03 A polycrop of sorghum and cowpeas
        • Figure 10.04 Nitrogen-fixing acacia albida trees being grown in association with millet.
        • Figure 10.05 World map of food systems.
        • Figure 10.06 A herder and his goats near a seasonal water hole in Douentza, Mali.
    • The Industrialization of Agriculture
      • Box 10.01 Seed development and industrial agriculture
      • A Mixture of Traditional and Industrial Agriculture
        • Figure 10.07 Worker on a tea plantation in Sri Lanka.
        • Figure 10.08a Urban agriculture in Havana, Cuba.
        • Figure 10.08b Urban agriculture in Detroit.
    • Ecology of Agroecosystems
      • Box 10.02 Tools for analyzing intercropping systems
    • Common Environmental Constraints and Remedies Associated with Traditional Agriculture
      • Figure 10.09 Traditional mounding as a technique for producing green manure.
      • Figure 10.10a Terraced rice fields in the Philippines; terracing combats erosion in traditional agricultural systems.
      • Figure 10.10b Senegal: (i) Contour berm; (ii) Farmers using an A-frame device to determine contours for anti-erosion berms.
    • Common Environmental Constraints and Remedies Associated with Industrial and Plantation Agriculture
      • Figure 10.11 Reported numbers of pesticide-resistant species.
      • Figure 10.12 Risk of groundwater contamination in the USA. This map represents the risk of nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater. Areas shown in red have the highest risk of nitrate contamination based on three risk factors: the level of nitrogen input in an area (typically from fertilizer, livestock waste, or high human population density); the drainability of soils; land area devoted to cropland.
    • Agribusiness and Government Agricultural Policy
    • Famine and Hunger
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 11 Biodiversity, Conservation, and Protected Areas
    • Icebreaker: Jaguar Habitat
      • Figure 11.01 The hypothetical “range” of the jaguar in the past, based more on potential habitat range than accurate historical records of jaguar sightings.
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation
      • Figure 11.02 “Hotspots” of global biodiversity.
      • Box 11.01 Conservation is for the birds
      • Figure 11.03 A cultivated buffelgrass pasture in northern Mexico. This exotic and invasive grass has been widely planted in the US–Mexico borderlands. It is at once loathed in the US conservation community and appreciated by ranchers in Mexico.
    • Nation-State Efforts at Conservation
      • Figure 11.04 The long-term degradation of intensively used municipal parks can leave soils prone to entrenchment and severe erosion. Here, a restoration crew from Colorado College’s environmental management class works to armor a soil gully formed by heavy trail use and highly erodible soils.
    • National Protected Areas in the Pyrenees
      • Figure 11.05 View of the town of Vernet-les-Bains, France, with the eastern boundary of the Catalan Pyrenees Natural Regional Park in the background. In contrast to a national park, the designation of a natural regional park entails preservation of the cultural and natural features of a region. The rules and regulations on biological protections are less strict.
      • Figure 11.06 French regional “natural parks” occupy a good percentage of the national land base, but have far looser conservation rules than the national parks, which are far fewer. These regional parks reflect both culture and nature since they are designated for both scenic and productive consumption.
    • Globalizing Conservation and Preservation Efforts
    • Transboundary Conservation Approaches
      • Figure 11.07 Transboundary protected areas, including so-called peace parks, on the African continent.
    • Cultural and Natural Biodiversity
    • Chapter Summary
      • Box 11.02 Protected areas in your region
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 12 Water Resources and Fishing Livelihoods
    • Icebreaker: Privatized Water in Cochabamba, Bolivia
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • The Global Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
      • Figure 12.01 The hydrologic cycle.
      • Box 12.01 Why the contents of our medicine cabinets are turning up in our waterways
        • Figure 12.02 Chemical structures.
    • The Geography of Water
      • Figure 12.03 Per capita water availability.
    • Human Interventions in the Hydrologic Cycle
      • Figure 12.04 The Vaillancourt Fountain, San Francisco
      • Canals, Irrigation, and Flood Control
        • Figure 12.05 Terraces for irrigation, Colca Canyon, Peru.
      • Groundwater Tapping
        • Box 12.02 Moroccan khettara: traditional hydraulic technology under modern technological pressure
          • Figure 12.06a Moroccan khettara (qanat).
          • Figure 12.06b Diagram of a qanat.
      • Dams
        • Figure 12.07 An aerial view of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei province November 28, 2008.
    • Contemporary Water Practices: How Do We Use (and Abuse) Water?
    • The Global Water Crisis
      • Box 12.03 Living with drought
        • Figure 12.08 Australia: water scarcity.
      • Figure 12.09 Physical and economic water scarcity.
    • The Politics of Water: Governance in a Globalized World
      • Box 12.04 Water wars in Asia?
    • Ocean Resources and Fishing Livelihoods
    • Management of Common Property Resources
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
• Part IV Bridging Theory and Practice
  • 13 Geographic Research
    • Icebreaker: Declining Fish Catches in Trivandrum, India
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction: What Is Geographic Research?
    • How Geographers Theorize the World
      • Box 13.01 Philosophies of science and the study of poverty
    • Research Paradigms in Geography
      • Spatial Science
      • Humanistic Geography
      • Critical Theories
    • Collection and Analysis of Geographic Data: Approaches to Field Research
      • Collecting Data from and about the Physical Environment
        • Box 13.02 Understanding our past environment using the tree-ring record
          • Figure 13.01 Dr. Henri Grissino-Mayer stands next to a contorted Douglas fir tree on the lava flows of New Mexico. The tree is well over 400 years old.
        • Box 13.03 Doing human–environment geography research in the Brazilian Amazon
          • Figure 13.02 Dr. WinklerPrins with her research team in Brazil.
      • Collecting Data from and about People
        • Box 13.04 Providing critical information in post-earthquake Haiti
          • Figure 13.03 Dr. Mandel and the research staff of InternewsHaiti.
      • Using GIS and Remotely Sensed Data – “Peopling the Pixels”
        • Figure 13.04 A geographic information system.
        • Figure 13.05 Vegetative cover over Ethiopia; darker areas (excepting lakes) indicate more surface biomass.
        • Box 13.05 Working with the USAID famine early warning system in Ethiopia
    • Understanding the “Big Picture” of Human–Environment Interactions
    • Geographic Research, Politics, and Social Change
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • References
  • 14 Conclusion Making a Difference
    • Icebreaker: Three Human–Environment Geographers who Made a Difference
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • A Brief Review of Major Themes from the Book
    • Theory, Scholarship, and the “Real World”
    • Geographic Research and Social Change
    • Making a Difference
      • Box 14.01 Applying the insights of human–environment geography to development: three African examples
        • Figure 14.01 Cognitive or mental map of a rural community in Mali.
        • Figure 14.02 Women in rural Zimbabwe undertaking a proportional piling exercise on household wealth in their community.
    • Thoughtful Practitioners and Engaged Scholars
      • Box 14.02 Civic engagement 101: publishing a newspaper opinion article
    • Chapter Summary
    • Critical Questions
    • Key Vocabulary
    • Notes
    • References
• Back Matter
  • Index

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