Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. The Study of the History of Psychology
  • Did You See the Clown? What about the Gorilla?
  • Why Study the History of Psychology?
  • The Beginning of Modern Psychology
  • The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology’s Past: How Do We Know What Really Happened?
    • History Lost and Found
    • Altered and Hidden History
    • Changing the Words of History: Distortion in Translation
  • In Context: Forces That Shaped Psychology
    • Jobs
    • Wars
    • Prejudice and Discrimination
  • A Final Note
  • Conceptions of Scientific History
    • The Personalistic Theory
    • The Naturalistic Theory
  • Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
  • Plan of the Book
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 2. Philosophical Influences on Psychology
  • The Defecating Duck
  • The Spirit of Mechanism
  • The Clockwork Universe
    • Determinism and Reductionism
    • Automata
    • People as Machines
    • The Calculating Engine
    • The Bride of Science
  • The Beginnings of Modern Science
    • Rene Descartes (1596–1650)
  • The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism and the Mind-Body Problem
    • The Nature of the Body
    • The Mind-Body Interaction
    • The Doctrine of Ideas
  • Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology: Positivism, Materialism, and Empiricism
    • Auguste Comte (1798–1857)
    • John Locke (1632–1704)
    • George Berkeley (1685–1753)
    • James Mill (1773–1836)
    • John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
  • Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 3. Physiological Influences on Psychology
  • David K. Loses His Job: It Was about Time
  • The Importance of the Human Observer
  • Developments in Early Physiology
    • Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Inside
    • Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Outside
    • Shocking Research on the Nervous System
    • The Impact of the Mechanistic Spirit
  • The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology
    • Why Germany?
  • Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894)
    • Helmholtz’s Life
    • Helmholtz’s Contributions to the New Psychology
  • Ernst Weber (1795–1878)
    • Two-Point Thresholds
    • Just Noticeable Differences
  • Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887)
    • Fechner’s Life
    • Mind and Body: A Quantitative Relationship
    • Methods of Psychophysics
  • The Formal Founding of Psychology
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 4. The New Psychology
  • No Multitasking Allowed
  • The Founding Father of Modern Psychology
  • Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
    • Wundt’s Life
    • The Leipzig Years
    • Wundt’s Multimedia Classroom
    • Cultural Psychology
    • The Study of Conscious Experience
    • The Method of Introspection
    • Elements of Conscious Experience
    • Organizing the Elements of Conscious Experience
    • The Fate of Wundt’s Psychology in Germany
    • Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology
    • Wundt’s Legacy
  • Other Developments in German Psychology
  • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)
    • Ebbinghaus’s Life
    • Research on Learning
    • Research with Nonsense Syllables
    • Other Contributions to Psychology
  • Franz Brentano (1838–1917)
    • The Study of Mental Acts
  • Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)
    • Phenomenology
  • Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)
    • Külpe’s Differences with Wundt
    • Systematic Experimental Introspection
    • Imageless Thought
    • Research Topics of the Würzburg Laboratory
  • Comment
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 5. Structuralism
  • Would You Swallow a Rubber Tube?
  • Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927)
    • Titchener’s Life: “Your Whiskers Are on Fire”
    • Titchener’s Experimentalists: No Women Allowed!
    • The Content of Conscious Experience
    • The Stimulus Error
    • Introspection
    • The Elements of Consciousness
    • Was Titchener Changing His Approach?
  • Criticisms of Structuralism
    • Criticisms of Introspection
    • Additional Criticisms of Titchener’s System
  • Contributions of Structuralism
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 6. Functionalism: Antecedent Influences
  • The Man Who Came to See Jenny
  • The Functionalist Protest in Psychology
  • Evolution before Darwin
  • The Inevitability of Evolution
  • The Life of Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Forced to Go Public by a Man in a Jungle
    • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
    • The Finches’ Beaks and Minnesota Mice: Evolution at Work
    • Darwin’s Influence on Psychology
  • Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822–1911)
    • Galton’s Life
    • Mental Inheritance
    • Statistical Methods
    • Mental Tests
    • The Association of Ideas
    • Mental Imagery
    • Arithmetic by Smell and Other Bizarre Topics
    • Comment
  • Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism
    • George John Romanes (1848–1894)
    • C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936)
    • Comment
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 7. Functionalism: Development and Founding
  • The Philosopher Who Wore Earmuffs
  • Evolution Comes to America: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
    • Social Darwinism
    • Synthetic Philosophy
  • The Continuing Evolution of Machines
    • Herman Hollerith and the Punched Cards
  • William James (1842–1910): Anticipator of Functional Psychology
    • James’s Life
    • Family life
    • The Subject Matter of Psychology: A New Look at Consciousness
    • The Methods of Psychology
    • Pragmatism
    • The Theory of Emotions
    • The Three-Part Self
    • Habit
  • The Functional Inequality of Women
    • Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)
    • The Variability Hypothesis
    • Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley (1874–1947)
    • Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886–1939)
  • Granville Stanley Hall (1844–1924)
    • Hall’s Life
    • Evolution and the Recapitulation Theory of Development
    • Comment
  • The Founding of Functionalism
  • The Chicago School
  • John Dewey (1859–1952)
    • The Reflex Arc
    • Comment
  • James Rowland Angell (1869–1949)
    • Angell’s Life
  • The Province of Functional Psychology
    • Comment
  • Functionalism at Columbia University
  • Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869–1962)
    • Woodworth’s Life
    • Dynamic Psychology
  • Criticisms of Functionalism
  • Contributions of Functionalism
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 8. Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism
  • Drug Bust: Psychology to the Rescue
  • Toward a Practical Psychology
    • The Growth of American Psychology
    • Psychology Goes Public
    • Economic Influences on Applied Psychology
  • Mental Testing
  • James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944)
    • Studying with Wundt
    • Studying with Galton
    • Mental Tests
    • Comment
  • The Psychological Testing Movement
    • Binet, Terman, and the IQ Test
    • Mental Age
    • World War I and Group Intelligence Testing
    • Group Personality Tests
    • Public Acceptance of Testing
    • Ideas from Medicine and Engineering
    • Racial Differences in Intelligence
    • Cultural Bias in Tests
    • Contributions of Women to the Testing Movement
  • The Clinical Psychology Movement
  • Lightner Witmer (1867–1956)
    • Witmer’s Life
    • Clinics for Child Evaluation
    • Comment
  • The Growth of Clinical Psychology
  • The Industrial-Organizational Psychology Movement
  • Walter Dill Scott (1869–1955)
    • Scott’s Life
    • Advertising and Human Suggestibility
    • Employee Selection
    • Comment
  • The Impact of the World Wars
  • The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues
  • Lillian Gilbreth
  • Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916)
    • Münsterberg’s Life
    • Coming to America
    • Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness Testimony
    • Psychotherapy
    • Industrial Psychology
    • Comment
  • Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania
    • Comment
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 9. Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences
  • Clever Hans, the Clever Horse
  • Toward a Science of Behavior
  • Then Came the Revolution
  • The Role of Positivism
  • The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism
    • Jacques Loeb (1859–1924)
    • Rats, Ants, and the Animal Mind
    • It Was Not Easy Being an Animal Psychologist
    • Toward a More Objective Animal Psychology
    • Was Clever Hans Really Clever?
  • Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)
    • Thorndike’s Life
    • Leaving His Animals Behind
    • Connectionism
    • The Puzzle Box
    • Laws of Learning
    • Comment
  • Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)
    • Pavlov’s Life
    • Life at Home
    • Life in the Laboratory
    • A Living Legend
    • Conditioned Reflexes
    • Lost in Obscurity: Knee Jerks and Goldfish
    • Comment
  • Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857–1927)
    • Associated Reflexes
    • Comment
  • The Influence of Functional Psychology on Behaviorism
  • Changing the Direction of Psychology
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 10. Behaviorism: The Beginnings
  • The Psychologist, the Baby, and the Hammer: Don’t Try This at Home
  • What Became of Little Albert?
  • John B. Watson (1878–1958)
    • Watson’s Life
    • Off to Graduate School
    • The Development of Behaviorism
    • Watson’s Views on Women
  • The Reaction to Watson’s Program
  • The Methods of Behaviorism
  • Continuing the Mechanistic Tradition
  • The Subject Matter of Behaviorism
    • Instincts
    • Emotions
    • Albert, Peter, and the Rabbits
    • Thought Processes
  • Behaviorism’s Popular Appeal
  • A Brave New World
  • An Outbreak of Psychology
  • Criticisms of Watson’s Behaviorism
    • Karl Lashley (1890–1958)
    • William McDougall (1871–1938)
    • The Watson–McDougall Debate
  • Contributions of Watson’s Behaviorism
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 11. Behaviorism: After the Founding
  • The IQ Zoo
  • Three Stages of Behaviorism
  • Operationism
  • Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)
    • Purposive Behaviorism
    • Intervening Variables
    • Learning Theory
    • Comment
  • Clark Leonard Hull (1884–1952)
    • Hull’s Life
    • The Spirit of Mechanism Ran Deep
    • Objective Methodology and Quantification
    • Drives
    • Learning
    • Comment
  • B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
    • Skinner’s Life
    • To College and Graduate School
    • To the End
    • Skinner’s Behaviorism
    • Operant Conditioning
    • Schedules of Reinforcement
    • Successive Approximation: The Shaping of Behavior
    • Baby in a Box
    • Pigeons Go to War
    • Walden Two—A Behaviorist Society
    • Behavior Modification
    • Criticisms of Skinner’s Behaviorism
    • Contributions of Skinner’s Behaviorism
  • Sociobehaviorism: The Cognitive Challenge
  • Albert Bandura (1925– )
    • Social Cognitive Theory
    • Vicarious Reinforcement
    • Models in Our Lives
    • Violence on the Screen and in Real Life
    • Self-Efficacy: Believing You Can
    • Research Results on Self-Efficacy
    • Collective Efficacy
    • Behavior Modification
    • Comment
  • Julian Rotter (1916–2014)
    • Cognitive Processes
    • Locus of Control
    • A Chance Discovery
    • Comment
  • The Fate of Behaviorism
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 12. Gestalt Psychology
  • A Sudden Insight
  • The Gestalt Revolt
    • More to Perception than Meets the Eye
  • Antecedent Influences on Gestalt Psychology
  • The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics
  • The Phi Phenomenon: A Challenge to Wundtian Psychology
  • Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
  • Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
  • Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
  • The Nature of the Gestalt Revolt
    • Perceptual Constancies
    • A Matter of Definition
  • Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
  • Gestalt Studies of Learning: Insight and the Mentality of Apes
    • Comment
  • Productive Thinking in Humans
  • Isomorphism
  • The Spread of Gestalt Psychology
    • The Battle with Behaviorism
    • Gestalt Psychology in Nazi Germany
  • Field Theory: Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
    • Lewin’s Life
    • The Life Space
    • Motivation and the Zeigarnik Effect
    • Social Psychology
  • Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology
  • Contributions of Gestalt Psychology
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 13. Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings
  • Was It Only a Dream?
  • The Development of Psychoanalysis
  • A New School of Thought
  • Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis
    • Early Theories of the Unconscious Mind
    • The Unconscious Goes Public
    • Early Approaches to Treating Mental Disorders
    • More Humane Treatment
    • The Development of Psychiatric Treatment
    • Hypnosis
    • Hypnosis Becomes Respectable: Charcot and Janet
    • The Influence of Charles Darwin
    • Sex before Freud
    • Catharsis and Dreaming before Freud
  • Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
    • Freud’s Use of Cocaine
    • Marriage and Children
    • The Strange Case of Anna O.
    • The Sexual Basis of Neurosis
    • Studies on Hysteria
    • The Childhood Seduction Controversy
    • Freud’s Sex Life
    • Freud’s Neurosis
    • Freud’s Analysis of His Dreams
    • The Pinnacle of Success
    • Freud Comes to America
    • Dissent, Illness, and Escape
  • Freud’s Methods of Treatment
  • Freud as a Therapist
  • Freud and Traditional Psychology
  • Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality
    • Instincts
    • Levels of Personality
    • Anxiety
    • Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
  • Mechanism and Determinism in Freud’s System
  • Psychoanalysis versus Academic Psychology
  • The Scientific Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts
  • Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
    • Data Collection
    • Views on Women
  • Contributions of Psychoanalysis
  • American Popular Culture and Psychoanalysis
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 14. Psychoanalysis: After the Founding
  • A Lost, Lonely Little Boy
  • Competing Factions in Psychoanalysis
  • The Neo-Freudians and Ego Psychology
  • Anna Freud (1895–1982)
    • An Unhappy Childhood
    • A Crisis of Identity
    • Child Analysis
    • Comment
  • Carl Jung (1875–1961)
    • Jung’s Life: Another Terrible Childhood
    • Freud, the Father
    • A Breakdown
    • Jung’s Analytical Psychology
    • The Collective Unconscious
    • Archetypes
    • Introversion and Extraversion
    • Psychological Types: The Functions and Attitudes
    • Comment
  • Social Psychological Theories: The Zeitgeist Strikes Again
  • Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
    • Adler’s Early Life
    • Becoming a Celebrity in America
    • Individual Psychology
    • Inferiority Feelings
    • Style of Life
    • The Creative Power of the Self
    • Birth Order
    • Reactions to Adler’s Views
    • Research Support
    • Comment
  • Karen Horney (1885–1952)
    • Horney and Her Father
    • Marriage, Depression, and Sex
    • Disagreements with Freud
    • Basic Anxiety
    • Neurotic Needs
    • The Idealized Self-Image
    • Horney and Feminism
    • Comment
  • The Evolution of Personality Theory: Humanistic Psychology
    • Antecedent Influences on Humanistic Psychology
    • The Nature of Humanistic Psychology
  • Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
    • Maslow’s Early Years
    • Watching a Parade
    • Self-Actualization
    • Comment
  • Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
    • A Solitary Child
    • Bizarre Fantasies
    • A Breakdown
    • Self-Actualization
    • Fully Functioning People
    • Comment
  • Contributions of Humanistic Psychology
  • Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness
  • Martin Seligman (1942–)
    • A Tough Adolescence
    • The Rapid Growth of Positive Psychology
    • Money and Happiness
    • Health and Age
    • Marriage
    • Personality
    • Other Factors Influencing Happiness
    • Which Comes First: Happiness or Success?
    • Flourishing: A New Level of Happiness
    • Comment
  • The Psychoanalytic Tradition: A Final Comment
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• Chapter 15. Continuing Developments in Psychology
  • Try It—You Might Like It
  • Chess Champion Capitulates to Cunning Computer
  • Schools of Thought: Looking Back
    • Structuralism, Functionalism, and Gestalt Psychology
    • Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
  • The Cognitive Movement in Psychology
    • Antecedent Influences on Cognitive Psychology
    • The Changing Model of Physics
    • The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
  • George Miller (1920–2012)
    • Love Conquers
    • Harvard and the Magical Number Seven
    • The Center for Cognitive Studies
    • An Idea Whose Time Had Come
  • Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)
    • An Outsider
    • Defining Himself
    • Changing Course
  • From Clocks to Computers
    • The Development of the Modern Computer
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • The Life of Alan Turing (1912–1954)
    • Turing and Snow White
    • Gross Indecency
    • The Turing Test
    • The Chinese Room Problem
    • Passing the Turing Test
    • The Chess Champ
  • The Nature of Cognitive Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • A New Phrenology?
    • Thinking Can Make It So
  • The Return of Introspection
  • Unconscious Cognition
    • Not the Same Unconscious
    • A Smart Unconscious
  • Animal Cognition: The Return of Animals Who Think
    • Not Everyone Agrees That Animals Can Think
  • Animal Personality
  • Current Status of Cognitive Psychology
    • Trappings of Success
    • Embedded Cognition
    • Cognitive Overload
    • Critics of the Cognitive Movement
  • Evolutionary Psychology
    • Biology More Important than Learning
  • Is There Unity in Psychology at Last?
    • Antecedent Influences on Evolutionary Psychology
    • William James
    • Behaviorism
    • Predisposing Tendencies
    • The Cognitive Revolution
    • The Influence of Sociobiology
    • Current Status of Evolutionary Psychology
  • History in the Making: There Is No End to It
  • Review Questions
  • Recommended Resources
• References

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